Starch- polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked film— performance and biodegradation

Starch-PVOH cast films were prepared with and without crosslinking agent (hexamethoxymethylmelamine) in the absence of plasticizer. Moisture absorption in films without crosslinking agent at a low relative humidity was similar to that of PVOH and increased as the relative humidity increased. Films with crosslinking agent showed moisture absorption linearly proportional to the relative humidity. Significant improvement in resistance to water disintegration for crosslinked starch-PVOH films was observed. While the tensile strength decreased with increased relative humidity, crosslinking significantly improved the tensile strength. Increased PVOH content improved elongation of films even when the relative humidity was 80% or higher. Biodegradation studies revealed that the degradation rate was negatively correlated with the PVOH content in films and crosslinking generated more converged degradation curves. Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂的制备及性能

用沸石负载由缩水甘油基三乙基氯化铵交联的壳聚糖，制得了性能良好的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂。研究了该吸附剂应用性能的影响因素，探讨了该吸附剂的吸附性、沉降性和重复使用性，利用FTIR仪和高倍透射电子显微镜对该吸附剂的结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:壳聚糖的交联度为0.93、交联壳聚糖与沸石的质量比为0.045时，制得的交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的去除率可达81.4%，吸附量为4.07mg/g;交联壳聚糖/沸石复合吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附性能较沸石有显著提高，沉降时间较交联壳聚糖明显缩短;经二次洗脱后腐殖酸去除率仍可达80.2%，腐殖酸吸附量为4.01mg/g。     

丙烯腈生产废水中聚合物的资源化利用

以丙烯腈生产废水中的丙烯腈低聚物为原料制备聚丙烯酰胺。通过正交实验考察了水解反应条件和交联反应条件对反应的影响。FTIR表征结果显示,丙烯腈低聚物中的氰基已完全水解为酰胺基,产物聚丙烯酰胺中含有酰胺基和羧基。实验结果表明,在自来水加入量100 m L、水解反应温度95℃、m(Na OH)∶m(丙烯腈低聚物)=2.0、水解反应时间3 h的最佳水解反应条件,交联反应温度60℃、质量分数37%~40%的甲醛加入量6 m L、交联反应时间2 h的最佳交联反应条件下,处理20 g丙烯腈低聚物,可得到产物聚丙烯酰胺14.50 g,聚丙烯酰胺的水解度为21.1%、相对分子质量为2.7×106。产品性能满足Q/SH 0046—2007《钻井液用聚丙烯酰胺技术要求》中部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的性能要求。     

Biochemical speciation in chromium genotoxicity

The biochemical speciation of chromium compounds in mammalian cells is discussed with respect to uptake, metabolism, DNA binding and damaging. Whereas soluble hexavalent chromium is taken up rapidly and accumulated intracellularly after its reduction, compounds of trivalent chromium penetrate biomembranes about three orders of magnitude slower. Cr(VI) after its uptake is metabolised by electron donating compounds via Cr(V) to Cr(III) compounds. Chromium from various Cr(III) compounds, but not chromate, binds to chromatin in isolated cell nuclei. The DNA‐protein crosslinks and DNA strand breaks observed in rat liver and kidney after chromate administration are also found in vitro, when Cr(III) compounds (but not chromate) interacts with isolated nuclei. In the Chinese Hamster cell HGPRT mutation assay, three out of four tested Cr(III) complexes were found to be mutagenic. In a direct DNA strand break assay with supercoiled bacteriophage PM 2 DNA, neither chromate nor the four Cr(III) compounds tested caused nicks. However, the combined action of chromate plus glutathione as well as the isolated complex of pentavalent chromium, Na₄Cr(glutathione)₄, did cause DNA breaks. Reactive oxygen species are inferred to be the ultimate DNA nicking agents in this assay. In conclusion there appear to be two mechanisms of chromate genotoxicity; one with direct DNA damage caused by Cr(V) species and one via DNA‐protein crosslinks formed with Cr(III), the final reduction state of chromate.     

污水处理用聚乙烯醇凝胶的制备及结构与性能

采用化学交联法研究制备聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化微生物凝胶用于污水处理,通过对固化剂种类、固化时间等制备工艺研究,获得了具有较高力学强度和通透性的PVA凝胶小球.对固化剂与PVA分子间相互作用、PVA凝胶交联程度及凝胶形貌进行了探讨分析.将所制备PVA凝胶小球用于污水处理,其COD去除率可达90%以上.     

交联淀粉微球微波辅助反相乳液法合成及性能研究

以甲基紫吸附去除效率作为考核指标,研究了淀粉(ST)、交联剂N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)、引发剂(K2S2O8/NaHSO3)用量、聚合温度以及聚合反应时间等因素对微波辅助反相乳液法制备交联淀粉微球(CSM)的影响,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、电镜扫描仪(SEM)、比表面积分析仪等对CSM进行了表征,对比了优化条件下水浴和微波两种不同加热方式合成CSM的吸附效率.结果表明,MBAA成功与淀粉交联成类球状聚合物,聚合微球平均粒径约为9.253μm,聚合微球明显增加了微孔面积,微波加热合成的CSM对甲基紫的吸附率高于水浴加热合成的CSM.     

改进型生物质阴离子交换纤维制备及吸附性能

用氢氧化钠水溶液预处理,以乙二胺作交联剂,采用环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺对网状植物丝瓜络纤维进行化学改性,制备出改性丝瓜络阴离子交换纤维(LS-AEF),重点探讨了LS-AEF的形态特征并对其形态特征进行了表征分析,还考察了碱预处理对产品吸附水体中的NO-3的影响。研究结果表明,(1)LS-AEF引入带正电的胺基基团,可以提高对NO-3的吸附性能;(2)乙二胺剂量对产品吸附性能影响比较大,最佳剂量为9 mL,吸附率达到75%;(3)碱性预处理能够显著提高产品的吸附性能,碱处理前后的产品吸附率分别为76%和85%;(4)吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程。     

铁-镍交联改性膨润土的制备及应用

以钠基膨润土为原料，制备了铁-镍无机交联、铁-镍有机交联系列改性膨润土，比较了二者对废水的COD、色度、浊度和废水中Cr^6＋的去除效果；考察了改性嘭润土加入量、pH、搅拌时间等因素对实验结果的影响。结果表明，铁-镍有机交联改性嘭润土对Cr^6＋的去除效果明显好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土，对COD的去除效果略好于铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土；铁-镍无机交联改性膨润土对废水浊度的去除效果略好于铁-镍有机交联改性膨润土；二者对色度的去除效果相当。吸附行为符合Langmuir方程。     

改性淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的捕集效果

以玉米淀粉为原料，经过交联、间接醚化、胺化以及cs：亲核加成反应，得到二硫代氨基甲酸基（DTC）改性淀粉（DTCS），并对其合成条件进行优化；考察了交联度、醚化温度、氯含量及胺化剂对DTCS捕集重金属离子效果的影响。优化后的DTCS合成条件：交联淀粉（CS）沉降积为30—34mL，醚化温度为80℃，氯质量分数为7．82％，胺化剂为二乙烯四胺。实验结果表明，DTCS对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋均有较好的去除效果，其对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋的饱和吸附量分别为0．85，0．83，0．65，0．74，0．47mmol／g。     

改性壳聚糖重金属生物质吸附剂的制备及表征

为改善壳聚糖的耐酸性及对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附容量,将壳聚糖与丙烯酰胺接枝,再与戊二醛进行交联,制备出了壳聚糖改性聚合物(G-CAM)。研究了制备条件对接枝率和接枝效率的影响,结果表明,在T=70℃;单体浓度(m壳聚糖:m丙烯酰胺)为1:3;引发剂浓度为0.10g;接枝反应时间为4h时,可制得较为满意的接枝壳聚糖产物。对交联剂的用量通过耐酸性实验和Pb2+吸附实验进行了考察,结果表明,当m壳聚糖:m丙烯酰胺=1:3(m壳聚糖=1g)时,交联剂戊二醛的加入量为0.6mL,得到的产物制备成的吸附剂不但有较好的耐酸性,而且对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附效果最佳。经吸附剂再生实验,G-CAM对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量变化幅度小于1%,可重复使用。