Controlled-release of fluazinam from biodegradable PLGA-based microspheres

Abstract

Pesticides are biological or chemical substances used to manage pests and diseases. Encapsulation of pesticides in biodegradable carriers creates a slow-release system that can improve water dispersibility and prolong residual activity. We prepared two kinds of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants. These were used to encapsulate the fungicide fluazinam (Flu) against Rhizoctonia solani using the Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane emulsification method. Both nanoparticles had uniform spherical shapes with average diameters of 314.13?nm (SDS) and 612.80?nm (PVA). The slow-release microspheres had excellent sustained-release properties, resistance to UV degradation, storage stability, leaf surface coverage and antifungal efficacy compared to the commercial formulation.     

氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎线粒体氧化磷酸化和多巴胺系统基因表达的干扰效应

杀菌剂氟啶胺是哺乳动物细胞中一种典型的线粒体氧化磷酸化解偶联试剂,极易在鱼体内富集,且对鱼类具有极高的毒性。本文测定了氟啶胺对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎的96 h半数致死浓度LC50值,并研究了该浓度下氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎线粒体呼吸耗氧速率和多巴胺神经通路中关键基因表达的干扰效应。氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎的96 h-LC50值为0.5μmol·L~(-1),该浓度下氟啶胺能够导致胚胎发生中轴骨骼发育不全和心脏水肿等畸形现象,这说明该杀菌剂对斑马鱼胚胎具有极高的毒性。在该浓度下,胚胎的基础呼吸速率和ATP产量均受到了显著抑制,这说明氟啶胺在斑马鱼细胞内同样具有解偶联活性,该杀菌剂能够干扰斑马鱼的线粒体氧化磷酸化过程。另外,LC50浓度氟啶胺还能够激活线粒体内锰超氧化物歧化酶基因(sod2)的表达,这说明氟啶胺能够引发线粒体内氧化自由基的产生,从而导致线粒体功能异常。由于多巴胺系统对线粒体能量产生和氧气消耗具有较高的敏感性,因此本文检测了斑马鱼体内多巴胺系统关键基因的转录水平。LC50浓度的氟啶胺能够显著抑制与多巴胺合成有关的酪氨酸羟化酶基因(th)和与多巴胺接收有关的多巴胺受体基因(drd2a)的转录水平,这说明斑马鱼在发育中多巴胺系统是氟啶胺引发神经疾病的有效靶位。一直以来氟啶胺在水环境中的残留是备受关注的环境问题,因此研究氟啶胺对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性作用机制具有重要意义。     

氟啶胺在土壤中的吸附解吸与淋溶特性

采用批量平衡法研究了氟啶胺在南京黄棕壤、江西红壤、东北黑土中的吸附解吸特性.结果表明,25℃下,氟啶胺在3种供试土壤中的等温吸附-解吸曲线能较好地符合Freundlich模型,其吸附常数分别为南京黄棕壤119.34,江西红壤202.23,东北黑土311.88,与土壤有机质含量、阳离子代换量和粘粒含量有良好的相关性,相关系数分别为0.9973,0.9690,0.8586.土壤对氟啶胺的吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ/mol,属于物理吸附.氟啶胺在3种土壤中均难淋溶.