Effect of prochloraz fungicide on biotransformation enzymes and oxidative stress parameters in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.)

The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses in three-spined sticklebacks exposed to prochloraz (Pcz). For this purpose, adult sticklebacks were exposed for 2 weeks to prochloraz at 0, 10, 50, 100 and 500 μg/L prior to one week of depuration in clean water. At days 7, 14 and 21, several hepatic biomarkers were measured including 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), total glutathione (GSH) content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Pcz induced a transient increase of antioxidant enzymes and a depletion of glutathione content during the first 7 days of exposure. This study showed that EROD activity and antioxidants were disrupted in a transient manner. GST was rapidly induced in a dose-dependent manner and this induction was persistent and observed also after depuration. GST appeared as a valuable biomarker to assess the exposure to Pcz.     

咪鲜胺和多菌灵对斑马鱼联合毒性效应

水生生物经常暴露于多种化合物中,多种农药联合会产生不同的毒性作用。在目前农药管理中,仅要求开展单剂的毒性评价,没有考虑到多种混合物对水生生物的联合毒性。咪鲜胺和多菌灵是农业生产中常混用的2种农药,为评价其联合毒性,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用静态法和实时荧光定量PCR方法,测定了其单剂及混剂对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和对斑马鱼幼鱼甲状腺轴关键基因的影响。急性毒性试验结果显示:咪鲜胺和多菌灵对斑马鱼胚胎96 h-LC50值分别为8.41 mg·L~(-1)和0.81 mg·L~(-1),表现为中毒和高毒。二元组合时,在24～96 h暴露时间内,对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性均表现为拮抗效应。基因表达结果显示:咪鲜胺抑制斑马鱼幼鱼促甲状腺激素释放激素(CRH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺激素受体(TRα)、脱碘酶(D1、D2)基因的表达,对甲状腺激素转运蛋白(TTR)基因的表达没有显著影响;多菌灵抑制CRH、TSH、D1和D2基因的表达;暴露于二元组合时,低、中剂量组抑制CRH、TSH、D1和D2基因表达;二元组合与单剂相比,高剂量组促进TSH、D1和D2基因的表达,中剂量组促进TRα基因的表达。综上所述,咪鲜胺和多菌灵联合暴露能够干扰斑马鱼幼鱼早期发育,且与单剂相比,对斑马鱼甲状腺轴上基因干扰效应存在差异。因此,在农药风险评估中,应充分考虑农药联合暴露的效应。     

常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性潜在增效作用研究

啶虫脒对蜜蜂急性毒性较低,且允许在作物花期施用,而杀菌剂也是蜜源植物花期常用药剂。本文采用点滴法和摄入法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性的潜在增效作用。结果表明,点滴田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂使啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性不同程度的增加。点滴杀菌剂和啶虫脒24 h、48 h后,咪鲜胺、丙环唑、腈菌唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、己唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、三唑酮、氟硅唑使啶虫脒毒性分别增加14.02、10.74、8.50、7.92、4.77、4.28、4.19、4.07、2.74、2.67倍和8.01、10.14、4.80、7.09、2.66、2.56、3.62、2.69、2.24、1.49倍。摄入田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂和啶虫脒混剂24 h、48 h后,啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性增加。其中,丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、咪鲜胺使啶虫脒的毒性分别增加3.62、2.46、2.10、1.98、1.56倍和2.07、2.81、2.20、2.58、2.23倍。因此蜜源植物花期应避免丙环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、腈菌唑与啶虫脒先后喷施或混合喷施,慎用己唑醇等其他6种杀菌剂,以防啶虫脒残留导致中华蜜蜂采集蜂中毒。     

咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法

建立了气相色谱法测定咪鲜胺及其代谢物在黄瓜和土壤中残留的分析方法.咪鲜胺的最小检出量为15×10-11g;最低检出浓度为0001mg·kg-1;在浓度为002—20mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为756%—1060%;变异系数为25%—115%.