农药在土壤上吸着/解吸及其对生物利用率影响的研究进展

正确预测有机污染物在环境中的归宿 ,在很大程度上依赖对它们的吸着 -解吸动力学行为的认识。自 2 0世纪 80年代起 ,吸着 -解吸动力学逐渐受到重视。本文介绍了国内外有关农药在土壤 /沉积物上的吸着 -解吸动力学和吸着 -解吸对土壤有机污染物的生物利用率的影响等方面的近期研究成果 ,着重从实验方法、模型、机理等方面进行了详细的综述     

农药在土壤上吸着／解吸及其对生物利用率影响的研究进展

正确预测有机污染物在环境中的归缩，在很大程度上依赖对它们的吸着－解吸动力学行为的认识。自20世纪80年代起，吸着－解吸动力逐渐受到重视。本文介绍了国内外有关农药在土壤／沉积物上的吸着－解吸动力学和吸着－解吸对土壤有污染物的生物利用率的影响等方面的近期研究成果，着重从实验方法，模型，机理等方面进行了详细的综述。     

两种褐藻对铜和镉的吸着及洗脱研究

运用缸式及柱式吸着方法研究了两种大型褐藻对溶液中Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 的吸着能力。以探索生物吸着法去除工业废水中重金属的可行性。结果表明，在室温下当ｐＨ 在４－０ ～５－０ 之间时，海黍子和海带的吸着性能均较强：ｐＨ＝ ５－００ ±０－０５ 时，海黍子对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 单独存在于水中的饱和吸着量分别是＞ １－５０ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－８０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重，对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 共存于水中的饱和吸着量分别是１－２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－１６ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重；相同条件下，海带对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 单独存在于水中的饱和吸着量分别是＞ １－１０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－８０ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重，对Ｃｕ 和Ｃｄ 共存于水中的饱和吸着量分别是１－２４ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ 干重和０－３５ ｍ ｍｏｌ／ｇ干重；柱式洗脱实验表明ＨＣｌ 和ＥＤＴＡ是两种有效的洗脱剂，二者对Ｃｕ 的洗脱回收率均接近１００ ％ 。由此可以认为，海黍子和海带这两种大型褐藻，对于吸着废水中的重金属有实用价值，值得进一步探索。     

炭-催化剂性能对8#滤毒罐防毒性能的影响分析

8~#滤毒罐是专门防护硫化氢气体的防护器材,所装填的药层是炭—催化剂,因此,炭—催化剂性能的优劣决定着滤毒罐防毒时间的长短。也就是说,炭—催化剂性能好,所装填的8~#罐的防毒时间就长;炭—催化剂的性能差,8~#罐的防毒时间就短。 通常,8~#滤毒罐是靠化学吸着作用达到防毒的目的。化学吸着是由吸附质与吸附剂分子之间以类似化学链的力相吸发生的,吸附质与吸附剂形成表面化合物,吸附热较高,有选择性,通常不可逆,炭—催化剂借助于     

Biosorption of cadmium(Ⅱ) and lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

The removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions by using dried activated sludge has been investigated in batch systems. Effect of solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were determined. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the uptake processes of the two metal ions（Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）） followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The FT-IR analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） biosorption onto dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

有机化合物KOC片段常数估算模型的误差与稳健性分析

分析了估算有机化合物吸着系数的片段常数模型的误差,并用４种不同方法检验了估算有机化合物吸纱数的片段常数模型的稳健性。重复随机抽取单一合物,逐一抽取估算值与实测值差别较大的个别化合物,重复随机抽取５０个化合物以及逐一抽取特定化合物类别。     

伊春河流域土壤与沉积物中水溶性有机物的含量与吸着系数

利用改变水土比的动态方法测定了采自伊春河流域土壤和沉积样品中水溶性有机物的含量与吸着系数;比较了不同样品间的差异及影响水溶性有机物含量和吸着系数的因素。研究结果表明,草甸沼泽土中水溶性有机物含量最高,沉积物中含量最低。水溶性有机物的吸着系数也呈同样的递变趋势。     

Role of extracellular exopolymers on biological phosphorus removal

Three sequencing batch reactors supplied with different carbon sources were investigated. The system supplied with glucose gained the best enhanced biological phosphorus removal although all of the three reactors were seeded from the same sludge. With the measurement of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate （PHA） concentration, phosphorus content in sludge and extracellular exopolymers （EPS） with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） combined with energy dispersive spectrometry （EDS）, it was found that the biosorption effect of EPS played an important role in phosphorus removal and that the amount of PHA at the end of anaerobic phase was not the only key factor to determine the following phosphorus removal efficiency.     

根据水/辛醇分配系数(KOW)估算有机化合物的吸着系数(KOC)

根据５５４ 种有机化合物的实测资料，研究了这些化合物水／辛醇分配系数（ＫＯＷ）值与土壤／沉积物吸着系数（ＫＯＣ）值之间的定量关系，建立了根据ＫＯＷ值估算有机化合物ＫＯＣ的定量模型，讨论了模型的误差和稳健性。研究证实，有机化合物的ｌｏｇＫＯＷ与ｌｏｇＫＯＣ之间存在很好的线性关系，根据已知ＫＯＷ值可以较准确估算ＫＯＣ值。对所研究的５５４ 种化合物，模型估算ＫＯＣ的平均误差为０．４８ 个对数单位，６２％ 的化合物误差小于０．５ 个对数单位。四种方式的ｊａｃｋｋｎｉｆｅ检验证明模型具有较高的稳健性。     

Equilibrium and kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The potential use of Myriophyllum spicatum L. biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of copper（ Ⅱ ） from aqueous solution was investigated in laboratory condition. The sorption experiments were undertaken to obtain copper（ Ⅱ ） biosorption properties of M. spicatum L., i.e. equilibrium time, the maximum capacity, and rate constants. Copper（ Ⅱ ） biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attained within 35 min at initial copper（ Ⅱ ） concentration of 6 mg/L. Different isotherm models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson model, were used to investigate the sorption capacity and isotherm. These models showed an excellent match with the experimental data except for the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir coefficients, the maximum sorption capacity of copper onto M. spicatum L. was 10.80 mg/g. The kinetics of copper（ Ⅱ ） sorption was also analysed and rate constants were derived. It was found that the overall sorption process was best described by the pseudo second-order equation, and that intraparticle diffusion was not the rate determining step. The results of this study showed that M. spicatum L. can be considered as useful vehicles for the removal and recovery of copper（ Ⅱ ） from aqueous solutions.