厌氧系统中碱处理对污泥减量的影响

碱解预处理污泥和原污泥按一定比例进行混合后,投入厌氧反应器中进行消化,研究其对污泥减量化的影响。结果表明,该处理既可以提高污泥减量率,又能改善污泥厌氧消化性能,提高污泥产气量。当碱处理污泥和原污泥混合比为1∶3时,在混合初期由于稀释作用和水解中和作用,溶液的pH能迅速恢复到中性。SS减少48%,较对照组提高了10%;SCOD减少约80%,较对照组提高20%,而空白对照组因未发生溶胞作用,各参数值均处于较低水平,降解率也维持在较低水平。     

污水土地处理系统重塑土渗透性及混合比的确定方法

污水土地处理系统的渗透性是能否实现污水处理设计要求的关键。本文采用地下水数值模拟方法刻画了污水土地处理系统复杂的结构和边界条件,准确地得到了能够满足污水处理设计要求的污水土地处理系统的渗透系数,并通过不同砂-土混合比例的重塑土渗透试验,研究了能够满足污水处理设计要求的重塑土的砂-土混合比,以为充分利用原场地黏土资源提供依据,也为类似研究和设计提供新的思路和方法。     

基于MOPITT数据的CO浓度时空分布规律研究

比较NOAA/CMDL本底观测站CO月均值序列和MOPITT卫星观测值时间序列,结果表明两者在时间变化规律上一致性较好。利用2000-2015年MOPITT观测的CO数据,展示了对流层CO浓度的空间分布和时间变化。中国地区MOPITTCO表面混合比与人口密度分布规律相似,呈现出东部高西部低的特征,其自然分界线与中国人口分界线——胡焕庸线相契合。中国大多数工业发达、人口密集的地区CO柱浓度在2000-2015年期间有一个温和的下降趋势,平均每年下降约3%。合成15 a的月平均值,显示中国CO柱浓度冬春季节较高,夏秋季节较低,峰值多在3、4月,谷值多在7月。但位于不同纬度地区CO柱浓度有着不同的季节变化规律,例如随着纬度的升高,春季到夏季的CO柱浓度下降幅度降低。造成CO浓度季节循环特征的原因是CO源和汇的季节变化规律以及与纬度相关的太阳辐射变化。     

大气中还原态硫化合物的测定

建立了一套简便易行的还原态硫化合物的采集及分析方法，该方法可分离和检测11种还原态硫化合物。利用该方法测定了北京市和青藏高原地区还原态硫化合物的混合比，结果表明，北京市和青藏高原地区存在较强的COS和CS2人为和自然排放源。     

基于OCO-2卫星重构的中国地区高覆盖XCO2时空分布特征

卫星遥感技术是深入了解大气二氧化碳（CO₂）时空分布特征的重要手段之一，由于探测技术的限制，目前基于卫星遥感观测数据反演的CO₂产品的空间覆盖度较低，数据缺失严重，不足以反映CO₂浓度的空间分布情况。现基于轨道碳观测卫星-2 （OCO-2）、哨兵5P （Sentinel-5P）、美国CO₂同化模拟系统（Carbon Tracker）和欧洲中期天气预报中心第5代（ERA-5）气象再分析数据，结合时间序列拟合估算模型和随机森林算法，重构了2019—2022年中国地区高精度（0.05°×0.05°）大气CO₂平均干空气混合比（XCO₂），分析了中国地区CO₂时空变化特征。与OCO-2和Carbon Tracker对比结果显示，重构得到的XCO₂与OCO-2的观测结果一致性更高，均方根误差为1.05 ×10^-6，决定系数高达0.96，可以在较高空间分辨率上体现中国地区XCO₂的时空分布情况。基于重构的XCO₂数据得知，中国地区XCO₂呈现明显的季节性波动，XCO₂呈冬春高、夏秋低的特征；2019—2022年，中国地区XCO₂呈现逐年上升的趋势，增长率达到（2.41±0.01）×10^-6/a，但近年来增长速率有所降低；从空间分布来看，中国东部、北部、中部地区的XCO₂显著高于其他地区，且增长率也较高；进一步分析中国典型经济区的XCO₂发现，杭州、天津、成都的XCO₂在各经济区内的增长最为迅速。研究成果可为碳监测研究、碳排放清单验证、碳排放管理、温室气体减排等研究提供重要的数据支撑。     

Effects of different mixing ratios on emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends

The effects of different mixing ratios of methanol/gasoline blends and new three-way catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated emissions, especially VOC and carbonyl compound emissions were investigated.     

两级PNDPR耦合Anammox脱氮除磷工艺研究

鉴于厌氧氨氧化工艺进水必须包含NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N两种基质,且只能脱氮,为在此基础上进一步实现除磷,提出辅以短程硝化技术,将除磷、脱氮技术相耦合,即短程硝化反硝化除磷串联厌氧氨氧化工艺.生活污水首先进入短程硝化反硝化除磷单元,主要实现NH₄⁺-N转化为NO₂^--N并去除COD,其部分出水与生活污水原水相混合再进入厌氧氨氧化单元,同时短程硝化反硝化除磷单元于缺氧条件下反硝化吸磷,待反应结束后两个处理单元的出水混合排放.实验结果表明,控制进水混合比为4.2可保证Anammox单元中C/N和NO₂^--N/NH₄⁺-N值分别为2和1.5,平均△NO₂^--N/△NH₄⁺-N=1.41,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N=0.12,Anammox脱氮平均占比为85.2%,反硝化与Anammox反应耦合良好.整个系统稳定运行后出水COD、P、NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N浓度分别为15.2,0.85,0.59,5.56,3.33mg/L,TN去除率为89.4%,通过PNDPR-Anammox耦合新工艺成功实现模拟生活污水的高效处理.     

Effects of mixture ratio on anaerobic co-digestion with fruit and vegetable waste and food waste of China

The biochemical methane potentials for typical fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) from a northern China city were investigated, which were 0.30, 0.56 m3 CH4/kgVS (volatile solids) with biodegradabilities of 59.3% and 83.6%, respectively. Individual anaerobic digestion testes of FVW and FW were conducted at the organic loading rate (OLR) of 3 kg VS/(m3 day) using a lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactor at 35°C. FVW could be digested stably with the biogas production rate of 2.17 m3/(m3 day) and methane production yield of 0.42 m3 CH4/kg VS. However, anaerobic digestion process for FW was failed due to acids accumulation. The effects of FVW: FW ratio on co-digestion stability and performance were further investigated at the same OLR. At FVW and FW mixing ratios of 2:1 and 1:1, the performance and operation of the digester were maintained stable, with no accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia. Changing the feed to a higher FW content in a ratio of FVW to FW 1:2, resulted in an increase in VFAs concentration to 1100–1200 mg/L, and the methanogenesis was slightly inhibited. At the optimum mixture ratio 1:1 for co-digestion of FVW with FW, the methane production yield was 0.49 m3 CH4/kg VS, and the volatile solids and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal efficiencies were 74.9% and 96.1%, respectively.     

Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020

This study estimates the detailed chemical profiles of China＇s anthropogenic volatile organic com- pounds （VOCs） emissions for the period of 2005-2020. The chemical profiles of VOCs for seven activity sectors are calculated, based on which the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential （POCP） of VOCs for these sectors is evaluated. At the national level, the VOCs species emitted in 2005 include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers and halocarbons, accounting for 26.4wt.%, 29.2wt.%, 21.3 wt.%, 4.7 wt.%, 5.4 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 2.1 wt.%, 0.7 wt. % and 2.2wt.% of total emissions, respectively. And during 2005-2020, their mass proportions would respec- tively grow or decrease by - 34.7%, -48.6%, 108.5%, 6.9%, -32.7%, 7.3%, 65.3%, 100.5%, and 55.4%. This change would bring about a 13% reduction of POCP for national VOCs emissions in the future. Thus, although the national VOCs emissions are expected to increase by 33% over the whole period, its ozone formation potential is estimated to rise only by 14%. Large discrepancies are found in VOCs speciation emissions among provinces. Compared to western provinces, the eastern provinces with a more developed economy would emit unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene with lower mix ratios, and aromatic compounds except benzene, oxidized hydrocar- bons and halocarbons with higher mix ratios. Such differences lead to lower POCP of VOCs emitted in eastern provinces, and higher POCP of VOCs emitted in western provinces. However, due to the large VOCs emissions from Chinese eastern region, the ozone forma- tion potential of VOCs emission in eastern provinces would be much higher than those in western provinces by about 156%-235%.