蒽醌化合物的光解动力学及定量结构-性质关系

以高压汞灯为光源, 测定了15 种蒽醌化合物(ATQs)的光解速率常数(k), 讨论了取代基位置、数目及种类对ATQs 光解速率的影响.另外,选取9 种氨基蒽醌, 应用偏最小二乘(PLS)算法, 建立了关于k的定量结构-性质关系(QSPR)模型. 根据该模型, 决定k值大小的主要因素包括:分子生成热、H 原子所带最大正电荷、C 原子所带最大负电荷,以及分子最低未占据轨道与最高占据轨道能量差.     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

中南地区几种土壤的表面电荷特性 Ⅱ.几种测定永久负电荷量的方法的比较

用有效阳离子交换量法、盐滴定-电位滴定法（STPT）、Mehlich法和pfo原理法测定了中南地区几种土壤的永久负电荷量．并与醋酸铵法测定的CEC进行了比较．结果表明：（1）由于醋酸铵法浸提了土壤的部分可变负电荷．它测出的CEC值使其它方法测得的永久负电荷量高．（2）不同方法测得的土壤永久负电荷量差异较大，且用上述四种方法测得的值依次减小．即ECEC＞δP＞CECp＞CECk，这与测定方法和指示离子的本性有关．但都能反映土壤永久负电荷容量的相对大小．（3）不同方法测得的不同的永久负电荷量值．在一定程度上反映着土壤的吸附特性，但有效阳离子交换量法能较好地反映土壤永久负电行量．     

生物矿化针铁矿吸附铬的机理探讨

针铁矿在自然界中广泛存在,对重金属离子在地表的迁移和转化有重要影响.利用天然生物矿化针铁矿进行了Cr(Ⅲ)吸附研究,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对吸附后的样品进行表征,发现样品中铬的含量随着Al2O3含量的增加而增加,说明表面带负电荷的含高岭土等的粘土较针铁矿对Cr(Ⅲ)有更强的吸附能力.样品的XPS研究表明,NO3-也参与了反应,且促进了Cr(Ⅲ)的氧化.研究还发现,Cr(Ⅲ)在针铁矿上的吸附不均匀,与文献报道的情况不同.     

夏防雷电击伤

雷电来源于带有正、负电荷的云朵。雷雨天，云层低，带电云层与地面电互相吸引，会产生“落地雷”。它能劈倒大树，打坏房屋，击伤击死人畜。如果人畜遇上雷电，轻者震昏，重者震死。     

静电粉末涂装事故预防

静电喷涂法是根据电泳的物理现象，使雾化了的油漆微粒在直流高压电场中带上负电荷，并在静电场的作用下，定向地流向带正电荷的工件表面，被中和沉积后形成一层均匀、附着牢固的薄膜的涂装方法。     

砷酸根促进红壤吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的机制

用一次平衡实验法研究砷酸根对Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤表面吸附和解吸的影响,结果表明,加入砷酸根使土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附量和解吸量均增加,且随着砷酸根加入量的增加,土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附增量和解吸增量也均增加.当向体系中加入砷酸根后,红壤胶体的Zeta电位显著降低,说明胶体颗粒表面的净负电荷增加.这说明砷酸根主要通过自身吸附增加了土壤表面的净负电荷,从而增加了土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的静电吸附量.研究结果还表明,在pH 3.5-6.0范围内,砷酸根均表现出对Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的显著促进作用,说明砷酸根与Cd(Ⅱ)在红壤表面的协同作用可以在比较宽的pH范围内发生.     

静电火灾爆炸的原因及预防

1．静电火灾爆炸的发生条件 所谓静电，是指物体中正负电荷处于平衡状态或静止状态下的电荷。