Subcellular distribution and toxicity of cadmium in Potamogeton crispus L

The submerged macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L. was subjected to varying doses of cadmium (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 7 d, and the plants were analyzed for subcellular distribution of Cd, accumulation of mineral nutrients, photosynthesis, oxidative stress, protein content, and ultrastructural distribution of calcium (Ca). Leaf fractionation by differential centrifugation indicated that 48-69% of Cd was accumulated in the cell wall. At all doses of Cd, the levels of Ca and B rose and the level of Mn fell; the levels of Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mo, and P rose initially only to decline later. Exposure to Cd caused oxidative stress as evident by increased content of malondialdehyde and decreased contents of chlorophyll and protein. Photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by the quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (Fv/Fm, Fo and Fm), decreased significantly, the extent of decrease being directly proportional to the concentration of Cd. Increased amounts of precipitates of calcium were noticed in the treated plants, located either outside the cell membrane or in chloroplasts, mitochondria, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm whereas control plants showed small deposits of the precipitates around surface of the vacuole membrane and in the intercellular space but rarely in the cytoplasm. Photosynthetic efficiency and oxidative stress could be used as indicators of physiological end-points in determining the extent of Cd phytotoxicity.     

基于DTT法测量广州市区PM2.5的氧化潜势

大气颗粒物氧化潜势（Oxidative potential）常用于表征颗粒物对人体健康的影响.二硫苏糖醇（DTT）法是近年发展的一种测定颗粒物氧化潜势的方法,本研究改进了该方法的颗粒物提取方式和反应流程,并开展了广州市区PM_2.5氧化潜势（DTT_m&DTT_v）的测量.结果表明,广州市区2018年1月和4月PM_2.5的DTT_m值分别为（13.47±3.86）,（14.66±4.49）pmol/（min·μg）,DTT_v值分别为（4.67±1.06）,（4.45±1.02）nmol/（min·m³）,与国内外研究结果相当.DTT_v与PM_2.5质量浓度、OC、EC、BC具有较强的相关性,但DTT_m与以上参数相关性低,说明含碳组分不是广州市PM_2.5氧化潜势的主要贡献者.     

Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan

The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM_2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM_2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM_2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM_2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTT_v). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM_2.5 correlated well with DTT_v in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTT_v of PM_2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM_2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM_2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM_2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM_2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM_2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.     

保定市冬季PM2.5的氧化潜势特征及其影响来源分析

为了探究保定市郊区2018年冬季PM_2.5氧化潜势的特征及其影响来源,利用二硫苏糖醇（DTT）测定法对PM_2.5中活性氧进行测定,采用皮尔逊相关分析PM_2.5中各化学成分与氧化潜势的关系,并且利用PMF对DTT_v进行污染源解析.结果表明,冬季保定市ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为（140.96±70.67）μg·m^-3,高于同时期北京PM_2.5浓度.氧化潜势的DTT_v和DTT_m值均表现出白天高于夜间的情况[DTT_v白天为（2.37±0.76） nmol·（min·m³）^-1,夜间为（2.14±1.17） nmol·（min·m³）^-1; DTT_m白天为（0.96±0.60） pmol·（min·μg）^-1,夜间为（0.76±0.41） pmol·（...     

钢铁企业首份环境报告评析

宝钢股份是我国钢铁行业首家发布环境报告的企业。为了提高我国企业环境报告的水平．采用德勤会计公司（DTT）制定的计分卡,以Tata钢铁公司为对照．对宝钢股份2004年度环境报告进行评价．表明最突出的问题在第二部分“识别相关性”．主要有：未识别和指明目标读者;未反映其参与的报告编制过程;未反映报告编制的参考依据;来确定报告事项的边界。报告的其他部分也相应地存在一定问题。提出的对策：一是加强环境管理;二是充实和完瞢报告。同时,为加强报告的可信性。还应考虑对报告进行第三方审核验证。     

Comparison of light absorption and oxidative potential of biodiesel/diesel and chemicals/diesel blends soot particles

Soot particles,mainly coming from fuel combustion,affect climate forcing through absorbing light and also result in adverse human health outcomes.Though biodiesel or additives blending with diesel was considered environmentally friendly,the understanding on absorbing and oxidative capacity of soot emitted from them are still unclear.The watersoluble organic carbon(WSOC) content,surface chemical structure,light absorption and oxidative potential(OP~(DTT)) of soot from biodiesel/diesel and chemicals/diesel blends were investigated utilizing total organic carbon analyzer,X-ray photoelectron spectrometer,ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry and dithiothreitol(DTT) assay.The differences and correlations between soot properties were statistically analyzed.Chemicals/diesel blends soot owned significantly higher WSOC content,ratio of mass absorbing efficiency(MAE) in250 and 365 nm(E_2/E_3),OP~(DTT),and higher surface carbonyl content.Coconut biodiesel/diesel blends soot contained evidently higher aromatic carbon–oxygen single bond(Ar_C–O)content,and higher MAE365.The individual comparison of biodiesel/diesel blends showed20% coconut biodiesel blend owned the lowest WSOC,E_2/E_3 and OP~(DTT),while highest Ar_C–O and MAE365,representing strongest absorbing properties.Association analysis showed OP~(DTT)was significantly positively correlated with WSOC.Further,the evident negative correlation between MAE365 and OP~(DTT) was observed.Our results showed coconut biodiesel/diesel blends soot induced lower levels of oxidative potential,whereas absorption of light was higher,which have far reaching consequences on climate forcing.Therefore,it is important to evaluate the balance point between light-absorbing properties and oxidative potential,under the wide use of biodiesel.     

PM composition and source reconciliation in Mexico City

PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were collected during 24-h sampling intervals from March 1st to 31st, 2006 during the MILAGRO campaign carried out in Mexico City's northern region, in order to determine their chemical composition, oxidative activity and the estimation of the source contributions during the sampling period by means of the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. PM_2.5 concentrations ranged from 32 to 70 μg m⁻³ while that of PM10 did so from 51 to 132 μg m⁻³. The most abundant chemical species for both PM fractions were: OC, EC, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, Si, Fe and Ca. The majority of the PM mass was comprised of carbon, up to about 52% and 30% of the PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. PM2.5 constituted more than 50% of PM10. The redox activity, assessed by the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, was greater for PM_2.5 than for PM₁₀, and did not display significant differences during the sampling period. The PM_2.5 source reconciliation showed that in average, vehicle exhaust emissions were its most important source in an urban site with a 42% contribution, followed by re-suspended dust with 26%, secondary inorganic aerosols with 11%, and industrial emissions and food cooking with 10% each. These results had a good agreement with the Emission Inventory. In average, the greater mass concentration occurred during O₃S that corresponds to a wind shift initially with transport to the South but moving back to the North. Taken together these results show that PM chemical composition, oxidative potential, and source contribution is influenced by the meteorological conditions.     

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on dithiothreitol (DTT) assay measurements for carbon materials

The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay is the most commonly used method to quantify the oxidative potential of fine particles. However, the reported DTT decay rates of carbon black (CB) materials vary greatly among different researchers. This might have resulted from either the intrinsic toxicity of CB or the unsuitability of the DTT assay protocol for CB particles. In the current study, the protocol of the DTT assay for CB materials has been carefully evaluated. It was found that the dispersion degree of CB particles in water has a great influence on the DTT decay rate of CB materials. For CB particles (special black 4A (SB4A) and Printex U) and single-walled carbon nanotube tube (SWCNT), the DTT decay rate after sonication for 10?min became 4.2, 4.6 and 1.7 times higher than that without sonication. The rate continued to grow as a function of ultrasound time up to 30?min of sonication. Although the concentration of soluble transition metals and surface oxygen-containing species such as carbonyls increased slightly with sonication, they had no significant effects on the measured DTT activity, while the increase in the dispersion degree of aggregates was found to play a vital role in the observed enhancement of the DTT decay rates for different CB materials. Based on our results, 30?min of sonication is recommended for sample dispersion when measuring the DTT decay rate of CB materials.     

DTT对三苯基甲烷染料脱色的研究

研究了二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)对三苯基甲烷染料的还原脱色作用.以孔雀石绿为代表,优化了反应体系中DTT的用量,目的是考察孔雀石绿和DTT之间的定量关系,并明确DTT对孔雀石绿的脱色能力.分析了反应体系pH值对DTT还原力的影响.结果表明,在pH值>5的反应体系中,平均每1 mol DTT可在1 min内脱色4 mol孔雀石绿,脱色率高达97%.脱色产物经HPLC分析表明,孔雀石绿被DTT还原脱色为隐色孔雀石绿.隐色孔雀石绿可继续与氧化态的DTT结合成为水不溶性的络合物,形成白色沉淀.DTT对结晶紫、灿烂绿及碱性品红的脱色作用均达到85%以上,以此确定DTT是一类广谱的三苯基甲烷类染料脱色剂.