重型柴油车车载排放实测与加载影响研究

采用车载排放测试仪,对2辆重型柴油卡车在空载和加载条件下进行实际道路车载排放测试.通过分析获得了油耗与排放速率的速度-加速度及其工况点的分布,发现高油耗与高排放工况点主要集中在高速加速区域,加载时油耗与排放高值随工况点分布更广;车辆在(30±2.5)km·h^-1等速及加速行驶时受加载影响最大,此时加载油耗与排放约是空载的1.6～3.2倍左右;由实测结果发现,卡车Ⅰ和卡车Ⅱ加载时油耗及CO、HC、NO_x排放因子分别是空载的1.6倍、3.5倍、1.1倍、1.5倍以及1.2倍、1.0倍、0.9倍和1.5倍,加载对油耗与NO_x排放影响最为明显,对HC影响最小,CO影响取决于车辆保养水平;卡车Ⅱ较卡车Ⅰ车型更大,发动机功率更高,相同荷载时受加载影响较小,说明重型车在发动机负荷可承受的范围内合理装载,有助于避免油耗与排放恶化,提高燃油经济性和排放水平.     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca–Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca–Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca–Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca–Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid–liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca–Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca–Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca–Mg/B600 > Ca–Mg/B450 > Ca–Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

基于电荷监测技术预测矿山动力灾害试验研究

为提高矿山动力灾害预测准确率,应用自主研制的电荷传感器,将标准煤样置于三轴压力室内进行应力-电荷试验。分析围压对煤样压缩破坏过程中电荷信号的影响。结合现场测试,揭示工作面开挖过程中煤体应力与煤壁表面感应电荷的时间和空间变化规律。试验结果表明,煤体压缩过程中电荷信号的变化与煤体所处的应力水平关系密切,处于应力集中区域和应力松弛区域的煤体有明显脉冲状电荷信号,原始应力区电荷信号平稳,电荷信号的变化超前于煤体应力的变化,围压对电荷信号有延缓、强化的作用。     

混凝土轴压方柱满足目标抗火可靠指标的建议截面

对混凝土轴压柱抗火计算所用荷载比与其常温设计荷载比的换算关系进行了推导和分析,分别针对耐火等级一级和二级情况下的柱耐火极限要求,给出了四面受火轴压方柱满足目标抗火可靠指标的最小截面取值。研究表明:①常温设计荷载比大致为抗火计算所用荷载比的2～5倍,一般混凝土柱可近似取2.5倍;②荷载比小于0.2时,现行规范给出的300mm×300mm截面柱,在抗火可靠指标不小于目标抗火可靠指标的情况下可以满足二级耐火要求;③荷载比和耐火等级是影响轴压柱最小截面取值的主要因素。     

多功能富氧净水器在养殖领域的研究与应用

多功能富氧净水器的研究,采用聚丙烯微孔滤膜、复合活性炭纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及复合炭粒作为过滤吸附材料,并采用三碘树脂杀菌剂和载银活性炭复合杀菌剂进行灭菌,应用"综合过滤渗透法"的机理,将净化、矿化、灭菌、增氧等有机结合并进行反复的研究和试验,有效去除了水中微生物、污染物,降低化学需氧量和水的硬度,达到净化水质,增加水中溶解氧等预期效果,成功的应用在水产养殖等领域。     

机动车排放检测运行体系的相关研究

机动车污染物排放标准与其检测方法是相辅相成的，不同的机动车检测方法对应不同的机动车排放污染物限值。该文主要对机动车排放检测运行体系中的怠速和简易工况检测方法进行了对比性研究，并对机动车实施常规检测的年检和监督手段的路检进行了对比分析，从而得出：工况法检测对于尾气排放情况的模拟要优于怠速法检测，并可对NOx进行有效控制，所以建议在有条件的地区，应该尽量实施工况法检测：年检和路检的数据有较大的差异，反映出对在用车的监督不力，今后应加强；高排放车辆的贡献率所占的比例与发达国家相比太小，说明机动车总体控制水平较低。     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca-Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca-Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca-Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid-liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca-Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca-Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca-Mg/B600 > Ca-Mg/B450 > Ca-Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

催化湿式氧化农药废水及催化剂的研究

通过浸渍法制备了4种氧化物为主活性组分的负载固定型催化剂,用于过氧化氢催化湿式氧化(CWHPO)处理有机农药废水。用实验确定了催化湿式氧化的条件,不同催化剂处理效果的比较表明,四元组合MnO2CuOCeO2CoO催化剂性能较好,当反应在常温常压下,维持pH=7～9,反应时间为40min时,COD的去除率大于80%,色度去除率大于90%。     

离心加速度试验样品装卡改进及试验影响分析

离心加速度试验是装备环境试验不可缺少的部分,本文介绍了离心加速度试验样品通用装卡方法和改进型装卡方法,以及装卡方法改进后对试验影响的分析讨论,给出了改进后在加速度试验量值误差范围内的安装要求和适用的试验样品尺寸限定条件。     

TiO2投加量及其表面载银量对光催化降解Aro-clor1260的影响

在紫外灯照射下,催化剂TiO₂的投入量及其表面载银量对光催化降解Aroclor1260有显著的影响.但TiO₂的投入量并不与Aroclor1260的降解速率成正比关系,而是有一个最佳投入量,在本文的实验条件下,这个最佳值为60mg(3g/L).TiO2的表面载银量越多,Aroclor1260的降解速率也越大,而且浓度相对较高的PCB单体化合物的降解速率大于浓度相对较低的PCB单体化合物的降解速率.对于多数PCB单体化合物而言,TiO₂的催化活性随其表面载银量的增加而增强.