Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

石漠化地区土壤退化的风险指标体系

喀斯特石漠化是指在亚热带脆弱的喀斯特环境背景下,受人类不合理社会经济活动的干扰破坏,造成土壤严重侵蚀,基岩大面积出露,土地生产力严重下降,地表出现类似荒漠景观的土地退化过程.喀斯特石漠化是中国西南最严重的生态经济问题之一.     

蚯蚓粪复配硼钼调理剂对土壤改良和茄子生长的影响作用

土壤质量决定着农产品的质量和农业生产的可持续发展,然而土壤退化成为农业生产的重要限制因素之一,施用土壤调理剂有利于减缓土壤退化的速度。该研究配制土壤调理剂,即蚯蚓粪:草菇渣:蛭石=6:3:1、钼酸钠50 g·kg^-1、硼酸13.3 g·kg^-1,并设5个不同的处理CK、QY-T1、QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4,研究该调理剂对土壤理化性质和肥力的影响作用,分析其对茄子硼、钼和生长状况的促进作用。结果表明,该调理剂能提高土壤温度,5 cm、09:00的土壤温度QY-T4较高,但10 cm、14:00的土壤温度QY-T3最高;土壤容重随着施用量的增大而显著降低至1.50 g·cm^-3以下,土壤pH值从CK的4.93提高到QY-T4的5.57、微生物量碳分别比CK高29.9%、36.1%、47.6%和52.2%,有机质分别比CK高10.8%、11.7%、12.5%和7.0%,QY-T2、QY-T3、QY-T4土壤有效硼达到0.35、0.36、0.42mg·kg^-1,QY-T1、QY-T2的有效钼分别为0.107、0.140mg·kg^-1,随着调理剂的增多而增多,但QY-T3、QY-T4分别为0.101、0.092 mg·kg^-1反而随着调理剂的增多而下降,茄子硼、钼含量都随着调理剂的增加而增大,且显著高于对照(P<0.01);总产量比CK分别提高了29%、36%、190%和66%,总个数分别增加了25%、28%、155%和66%,59 d株高和叶片面积分别比CK增高了23%、1.4%、23%、16%和6.8%、11%、9.3%、7.4%,而叶片数量,所有的处理差异不显著,因此推荐该土壤调理剂用量与QY-T3相同,为1.5×10⁴kg·hm^-2。该研究可为土壤调理剂修复土壤退化的应用提供依据。     

典型喀斯特地区土壤退化机理探讨:不同土地利用类型土壤水分性能比较

我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区以土壤退化为核心的环境退化形势严峻.揭示土壤退化过程和退化机理,是认识喀斯特这个特殊环境的土地生态系统诸多环境退化问题的一个重要途径.本文选择黔中猫跳河流域上游长顺县广顺乡典型喀斯特景观为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对不同土地利用类型的土壤水分性能进行了比较研究,以探讨喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理.结果表明,与基本无退化的本底林地相比较,草地土壤的水分性能明显变劣,表现为:土壤的持水能力下降,田间持水量和毛管持水量分别下降49.5%和56.2%;土壤供水能力降低,总有效含水量下降56.4%;土壤渗透性能减弱,150 min饱和渗水量减少70.1%.土壤的这些水分特征与土壤发生的强度和速度都有着非常密切的关系,草地土壤水分性能的这种退化将加剧土壤的侵蚀.可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区,土壤的水分退化是土壤退化的一个关键过程和因素.     

淮南潘北矿塌陷湿地土壤退化评价

采煤带来的地面塌陷是极为重要的新生环境地质问题。以淮南潘北矿塌陷湿地为研究区域,其总氮(TN)含量平均水平为1.04g/kg,总磷(TP)含量平均水平为425mg/kg,在空间分布上均有从非季节性积水区向季节性积水区递减的趋势。土壤理化性质指标间总氮与有机质(SOM)含量呈极显著正向相关,与pH呈负向相关,与有效磷(AP)呈正向相关;总磷与有效磷表现为极显著相关;AP与有效钾(AK)、SOM都有很好的相关关系。通过应用相关分析和模糊数学的原理,以TN、TP、AP、AK和SOM等5个土壤肥力指标为基础,对该区域季节性积水区和非积水区土壤肥力进行数值化综合评价。季节性积水区IFI为0.463,非积水区IFI为 0.601,表明塌陷湿地形成后会加剧水域周边土壤的退化。     

Assessment of China's economic loss resulting from the degradation of agricultural land in the end of 20th century

Land degradation is a consequence stemming from both natural processes and social economic activities. On the bases of analyzing general situation of agricultural land degradation in China, the monetary estimating methods such as market value method and shadow engineering method were used to quantitatively assess the economic loss resulting from land deterioration. Results showed that the economic loss in 1999 was 326.8l billion RMB Yuan, which accounted for 4.1% of GDP in the same year of China. If taking five items namely farmland conversion, soil erosion, salinization, decline in reservoir functions, and siltation in waterways and, comparing with that in 1992, the percentage of economic loss to GDP has increased by 1.5 in the only 7 years.     

三峡库区退化土壤的恢复与重建研究

三峡库区是一个生态环境背景较为脆弱且人口压力巨大的丘陵山区,由于人类长期的过垦与破坏,土壤退化十分严重。因此,加强对库区退化土壤的恢复与重建势在必行。土壤恢复与重建包括土壤结构,养分和环境的恢复三个方面内容。     

生物炭对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的影响

滨海湿地盐碱土壤在全球碳氮循环及调节气候变化中起着重要作用。环境友好型土壤改良剂生物炭（Biochar,BC）在缓解气候变化和促进农业可持续发展方面前景巨大。然而,现有研究多关注BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤中温室气体排放及土壤氮素流失的影响,缺乏其对滨海湿地盐碱土壤碳氮循环的深入研究和系统总结。本文综合分析了施用BC对滨海湿地盐碱土壤植被碳库、有机碳库、有机碳矿化及生物固氮、硝化、反硝化、矿化、氨损失等碳氮循环过程的影响和可能机制。指出未来应关注长期野外研究,利用宏基因组等现代分子生物技术,阐明BC对土壤碳氮循环影响的分子生物学机制,以期为滨海湿地生态系统的修复与功能保育提供理论依据。