机械卷载和余氯对渔业资源损失量评估初探

火(核)电厂、液化天然气(LNG)接收站排放余氯水和取水机械卷载效应均对渔业资源带来影响.本文以LNG接收站工程为例,依据2004年5、8、11月和2005年5月评价水域渔业调查资料,采用渔业资源尾数密度(包括鱼卵、仔鱼生长形成的部分)、受影响的面积和鱼类商品体重的乘积作为计算模式,评估机械卷载和余氯对渔业资源的损失量.结果表明,LNG接收站余氯和机械卷载引起的渔业资源损失量为176.0t/a.本文所采用的评估方法,有助于解决海洋工程影响渔业资源数量评估的实践问题,对渔业资源物损评价标准的制定有一定的参考价值.     

上海大气PM2.5来源解析对比:基于在线数据运用3种受体模型

于2014年12月2～24日在上海市城区对大气中细粒子及其化学组分进行了在线连续观测,基于在线数据运用正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)、化学质量平衡法(CMB)和多元线性模型(ME2)这3种受体模型开展颗粒物源解析并进行相互验证.结果显示,基于在线数据共获得了8类污染源,包括二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐、二次有机碳、重油燃烧源、工业源、移动源、扬尘源和燃煤源.其中二次硝酸盐、二次硫酸盐、二次有机碳等二次污染源(44.9%～64.8%)对PM_(2.5)的贡献最大,移动源(16.8%～24.8%)和燃煤源(5.6%～14.9%)的贡献次之,其他源类的贡献相对较小. 3种模型获得的污染源特征组分和来源结果对比表明, 3种模型获得的二次硫酸盐、二次硝酸盐、二次有机碳、移动源的源解析结果较接近,说明模型对这4类源的模拟较好.ME2和PMF模型对燃煤源、扬尘源的拟合结果要好于CMB;工业源则是CMB的结果更好.     

Macro,Meso, and Micro‐Efficiencies in Water Resources Management: A New Framework Using Water Balance1

Haie, Naim and Andrew A. Keller, 2012. Macro, Meso, and Micro‐Efficiencies in Water Resources Management: A New Framework Using Water Balance. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 235‐243. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00611.x Abstract: One of the most important performance indicators for water resources systems (WRSs) management is efficiency. Here, water balance, based on mass conservation, is utilized to systemically develop three levels of composite efficiency indicators for a WRS, which are configurable based on two types of water totals: total inflow and total consumption (outflow that effectively is not available for reuse). The indices characterize hydrology of an area by including in their formulations the flow dynamics at three integrated levels. Furthermore, the usefulness of water is incorporated into the indicators by defining two weights: one for quality, and the other for beneficial attributes of water use. Usefulness Criterion is the product of quality and beneficial weights, emphasizing the equal significance of the two dimensions. Both of these weights depend on the system itself and the priorities of the supervising organization, which also are shaped by the objectives and values of the given society. These concepts lead to the definition of Macro, Meso, and Micro‐Efficiencies, which form a set of integrated indicators that explicitly promotes stakeholder involvement in evaluation and design of WRSs. Macro, Meso, and Micro‐Efficiencies should be maximized for both water totals, which is an integrated prerequisite for sustainability and is less promoted by competing stakeholders. To demonstrate this new framework, it is applied to published data for urban and agricultural cases and some results are explained.     

Unignited High-Pressure Methane Jet Impinging a Pipe Rack: Practical Tools for Risk Assessment

Although the diffusion of its storage and transport under liquefied conditions, nowadays it is common to have methane in gaseous form in several industrial applications. This leads to safety implications to be considered: hazards are linked to both the high-pressure at which the gas is kept and to its flammability. Scenarios where flammable jets impact an obstacle are of paramount importance because of their possible occurrence. Following a numerical approach, literature shows up that their assessment can be reliably performed by means of only Computational Fluid Dynamics tools. However, despite the improvements of computing power, Computational Fluid Dynamics costs still limit its use in daily risk analysts’ activities. Therefore, considering an accidental jet-obstacle scenario of industrial interest, the present work investigates how a pipe rack can influence the development of a high-pressure methane jet. Based on a Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis, main achievements of this work are a simple criterion able to identify the situations where the pipe rack does not influence the high-pressure methane jet behavior, therefore allowing to identify the scenarios where simpler models can be used (i.e., analytical correlations known for the free jet situation), and, if present, a simple analytical relationship that roughly predicts the influence of the pipe rack without the need of performing complex Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations.     

环境分析试样预处理的新方法——微波萃取法

本文对微波萃取法这一新的试样预处理方法进行了简要综述，阐述了微波萃取法的特点、微波试样制备系统及微波萃取法的研究进展，展望了该方法的发展前景。     

膜电极法测定 BOD5的质量控制

生化需氧量（BOD5）作为环境监测重要参数之一,是一项重要的反应有机污染的指标。 BOD5分析过程一个复杂的生化过程,受到许多客观环境因素的影响,如样品温度、环境温度、搅拌速度,仪器校正等。采用膜电极法测定BOD5时,综合考虑,做好质量控制,可获得满意的测定结果。     

基于多种新型受体模型的PM2.5来源解析对比

为了解多种新型受体模型的适用性,利用正定矩阵分解/多元线性引擎2-物种比值（PMF/ME2-SR）、偏目标转换-正定矩阵分解（PTT-PMF）、正定矩阵分解（PMF）和化学质量平衡（CMB）这4种受体模型对我国北方典型城市细颗粒物(PM_2.5)数据进行同步解析并互相验证.结果发现,燃煤源（25%～26%）、扬尘源（19%～21%）、二次硝酸盐（17%～19%）、二次硫酸盐（16%）、机动车源（13%～15%）、生物质燃烧源（4%～7%）和钢铁源（1%～2%）这7种主要污染源对研究地区PM_2.5有贡献.通过比较不同模型获得的源成分谱和源贡献以及计算各源的差异系数（CD）和平均绝对误差（AAE）,发现4种模型的解析结果具有较高的一致性（平均CD值在0.6～0.7之间）,但不同模型对各污染源中组分的识别存在差异.相比于传统PMF模型,PMF/ME2-SR模型由于纳入一次源类的特征比值,能够更好地区分源谱特征较为相似的源类,如扬尘源的CD和AAE分别比PMF模型低15%和54%; PTT-PMF模型以实测一次源谱和虚拟二次源谱为约束目标,计算的二次硫...     

Size distribution, directional source contributions and pollution status of PM from Chengdu, China during a long-term sampling campaign

Long-term and synchronous monitoring of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was conducted in Chengdu in China from 2007 to 2013. The levels, variations, compositions and size distributions were investigated. The sources were quantified by two-way and three-way receptor models (PMF2, ME2-2way and ME2-3way). Consistent results were found: the primary source categories contributed 63.4% (PMF2), 64.8% (ME2-2way) and 66.8% (ME2-3way) to PM₁₀, and contributed 60.9% (PMF2), 65.5% (ME2-2way) and 61.0% (ME2-3way) to PM_2.5. Secondary sources contributed 31.8% (PMF2), 32.9% (ME2-2way) and 31.7% (ME2-3way) to PM₁₀, and 35.0% (PMF2), 33.8% (ME2-2way) and 36.0% (ME2-3way) to PM_2.5. The size distribution of source categories was estimated better by the ME2-3way method. The three-way model can simultaneously consider chemical species, temporal variability and PM sizes, while a two-way model independently computes datasets of different sizes. A method called source directional apportionment (SDA) was employed to quantify the contributions from various directions for each source category. Crustal dust from east-north-east (ENE) contributed the highest to both PM₁₀ (12.7%) and PM_2.5 (9.7%) in Chengdu, followed by the crustal dust from south-east (SE) for PM₁₀ (9.8%) and secondary nitrate & secondary organic carbon from ENE for PM_2.5 (9.6%). Source contributions from different directions are associated with meteorological conditions, source locations and emission patterns during the sampling period. These findings and methods provide useful tools to better understand PM pollution status and to develop effective pollution control strategies.     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.