Indonesia’s Accidental Island: Composing the Environment in the Echo of Disaster

By presenting stakeholders’ competing representations of an extraordinary geological formation, an island with a surface that is comprised of runoff from an infamous mud volcano in East Java, this article explores the communicative openings and closures that arise during an environmental disaster. A particular concern is attuning communicative practices to the diverse human and nonhuman actors that not only produce disasters but also shape our understandings and responses to disasters. Drawing on the work of Bruno Latour, this article suggests that non-anthropocentric modes of inquiry present new communicative and political possibilities for pursuing both social justice and safe environments. While this article focuses on a specific set of incidents in Indonesia, this project develops tools and perspectives that can be applied to environmental conflicts at other places.     

新疆巩留县博图沟泥石流灾害及灾因分析

本文分析了1991年新疆博图沟罕见泥石流灾害及灾因,认为这次灾害主要是自然因素,与人为因素关系不大,并提出了在山区工作、游牧应注意的事项。     

Environmental degradation by mud in tropical estuaries

In wet tropical countries, the intense rainfall and the lack of effective restrictions on human activities in the river catchment leads to increased rates of soil erosion. This has increased the sediment loads many times over from the natural level. As a result, estuarine and coastal waters are becoming increasingly muddy with associated losses for society in terms of increased flooding and a degradation of the environment, the fisheries and the economic use of these waters. It is suggested that science-based models be used to predict the fate of mud in estuaries and coastal waters when planning development in river catchments, particularly in wet tropical countries. This would help integrate land and water management. Modelling technology is demonstrated by a combination of field and model studies in four turbid tropical estuaries, namely the Fly River in Papua New Guinea, the Mekong River in Vietnam, the Cimanuk River in Indonesia, and Hinchinbrook Channel in Australia. The final model is adapted to local conditions and extensively uses data assimilation especially for open boundary conditions. There can be a feedback between the hydrodynamics and the mud dynamics when the system silts; in wet tropical countries this can occur rapidly, sometimes in only 30 years. Electronic Publication     

罐体油泥自动清理系统研究

油田罐体内易沉积泥砂,这些合油泥砂的自动清理及无污排放难题长期无法解决。本文通过介绍一个工程应用,给出了一套解决此问题的工艺流程。     

Risk assessment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African mud catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to cassava effluent

Toxicity of cassava effluent in water on aquatic lives was examined via acute and chronic bioassay experiments on Clarias gariepinus (I) and Oreochromis niloticus (II) under laboratory conditions, using standard procedures. The effluent cyanide concentration exceeded the WHO limit for wastewater. Fish body weights and haematological parameters (HMP) significantly decreased with increasing effluent concentration at p≤0.05. Toxicity on HMP for the respective (I) and (II) varied from 5.4 to 52.8; 4.8 to 51.9% for packed cell volume, 4.1 to 43.9; 5.3 to 64.0% for red blood count, 0.0 to 15.7; 0.0 to 61.4% for white blood count, 3.6 to 45.9; 5.2 to 49.5% for haemoglobin, 11.6 to 71.9; 28.4 to 63.8% for total protein, 11.5 to 75.5; 15.0 to 58.2% for albumin and 11.8 to 75.0; 46 to 83.9% for globulin. Acute exposure yielded 96-h LC₅₀ values of 0.45% for (I) and 0.25% for (II) and chronic exposure caused reduced growth and poor blood quality.     

太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥混合制砖研究

以太湖淤泥和自来水厂污泥为原料进行烧结砖的制备研究,干原料经混合加湿搅拌,制成4 cm×4cm×4cm的砖体试样,干燥后放入马弗炉中焙烧;测试了砖坯的含水率、干燥收缩,烧结砖的烧失量、烧成收缩、表观密度、吸水率和抗压强度,并利用XRD和SEM分别测试了烧结砖的矿物成分,和微观形貌特征。研究结果表明,减少淤泥含量导致砖的密度和抗压强度降低,烧失量、烧成收缩率和吸水率上升;淤泥掺量减少到60%,成型含水率为23%,经950℃高温煅烧后,所得砖体质量较好,强度满足MU10等级。     

从含油污泥中回收原油

介绍了含油污泥的来源、处理方法以及经济效益和环境效益。     

Feeding of western gray whales during a seismic survey near Sakhalin Island, Russia

Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium conducted a 3-D seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary feeding area of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located in the vicinity of the seismic survey. This paper presents data to assess whether western gray whale bottom feeding activity, as indicated by visible mud plumes, was affected by seismic operations. The mitigation and monitoring program associated with the seismic survey included aerial surveys during 19 July–19 November 2001. These aerial surveys documented the local and regional distribution, abundance, and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales. Data on gray whale feeding activity before, during and after the seismic survey were collected, with the whales assumed to be feeding on the benthos if mud plumes were observed on the surface. The data were used to assess the influence of seismic survey and other factors (including environmental) on feeding activity of western gray whales. A stepwise multiple regression analysis failed to find a statistically significant effect (α = 0.05) of the seismic survey on frequency of occurrence of mud plumes of western gray whales used as a proxy to evaluate bottom feeding activity in Piltun feeding area. The regression indicated that transect number (a proxy for water depth, related to distance from shore) and swell height (a proxy for sea state) were the only variables that had a significant effect on frequency of whale mud plumes. It is concluded that the 2001 seismic survey had no measurable effect (α = 0.05) on bottom feeding activity of western gray whales off Sakhalin Island. M.W. Newcomer, deceased     

多氯代甲烷对鳝鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率的影响

试验采用外周血红细胞微核测试技术,通过分析鳝鱼外周血细胞的核异常率和微核率,研究多氯代甲烷的遗传毒性和生态安全性.结果表明:①96 h后,质量浓度为3 mg·L-,30 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1的CCl4和CHCl3污染所产生的核异常率分别为:5.38%和4.26%,9.62%和6.50%,12.18%和9.54%,表明CCl4对细胞异常率的影响大于CHCl3对细胞核异常率的影响;②96 h后,质量浓度为3 mg·L-1,30 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1的CCl4和CHCl3污染所产生的微核率分别为:0.64%和0.40%,0.94%和0.55%,1.31%和0.95%,说明CCl4对细胞微核率的影响大于CHCl3对细胞核微核率的影响.表明用微核测试的方法分析环境中的污染物对生物体危害的程度是一种最便捷和有效的手段.     

利用泥鳅对重金属富集的现象来指示河流污染变化程度的研究

利用泥鳅鱼在淤泥中寻找食物的生活习性,通过分析不同时期采集的泥鳅体内的重金属浓度,监测河流或底泥的污染程度,即可以把泥鳅作为河流或底泥污染程度的敏感指示动物.建立了用ICP-AES同时测定泥鳅鱼体内多种元素的方法,具有快捷、准确的特点.该方法的回收率为96.0%～106%,精密度RSD为1.7%～5.1%.