甲醛等室内主要污染物分布特征与影响评价

现代人80%以上的时间是在室内度过的,室内实际上已成为越来越多的人最直接、最经常的生活环境。与此同时,室内空气质量的优劣也越来越受到人们的关注。本文在呼和浩特市选择不同时间装修的居室,对其室内空气中甲醛、氨、一氧化碳、氡的含量进行了实测,分析了居室装修后室内主要空气污染物的污染水平以及各污染物的分布特征。数据表明,目前新近装修的居室内存在严重的甲醛污染,其超标率达到55.81%,随装修后时间的推移室内甲醛含量逐渐减少,其超标率逐渐降低,说明室内甲醛含量与室内通风状况有明显的正相关性;在所测定的居室中,一氧化碳及氨均未超标,氡的超标率为20%。     

Radon exhalation from building materials for decorative use

Long-term exposure to radon increases the risk of developing lung cancer. There is considerable public concern about radon exhalation from building materials and the contribution to indoor radon levels. To address this concern, radon exhalation rates were determined for 53 different samples of drywall, tile and granite available on the Canadian market for interior home decoration. The radon exhalation rates ranged from non-detectable to 312 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹. Slate tiles and granite slabs had relatively higher radon exhalation rates than other decorative materials, such as ceramic or porcelain tiles. The average radon exhalation rates were 30 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹ for slate tiles and 42 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹ for granite slabs of various types and origins. Analysis showed that even if an entire floor was covered with a material having a radon exhalation rate of 300 Bq m⁻² d⁻¹, it would contribute only 18 Bq m⁻³ to a tightly sealed house with an air exchange rate of 0.3 per hour. Generally speaking, building materials used in home decoration make no significant contribution to indoor radon for a house with adequate air exchange.     

Deposition rates of unattached and attached radon progeny in room with turbulent airflow and ventilation

In this paper deposition rate coefficients for unattached and attached radon progeny were estimated according to a particle deposition model for turbulent indoor airflow described by Zhao and Wu [2006. Modeling particle deposition from fully developed turbulent flow in ventilation duct. Atmos. Environ. 40, 457–466]. The parameter which characterizes turbulent indoor airflow in this model is friction velocity, u*. Indoor ventilation changes indoor airflow and friction velocity and influences deposition rate coefficients. Correlation between deposition and ventilation rate coefficients in the room was determined. It was shown that deposition rate coefficient increases with ventilation rate coefficient and that these parameters of the Jacobi room model cannot be assumed to be independent. The values of deposition rate coefficients were presented as functions of friction velocity and ventilation rate coefficient. If ventilation rate coefficient varies from 0.1 up to 1 h⁻¹, deposition rate coefficients for unattached and attached fractions were estimated to be in the range 3–110 h⁻¹ and 0.015–0.35 h⁻¹, respectively.     

广西典型岩溶水系统环境中222Rn的分布及指示意义

放射性同位素氡222是来源于地层中铀衰变生成的惰性元素.由于其半衰期只有3.82d，且其活度在地下水和地表水中差异显著，近年来氡在水文学中的应用日渐兴起.但²²²Rn在岩溶环境中的分布和行为特征少有研究.以广西三个典型岩溶水系统为例，研究²²²Rn在包气带、非饱和带和饱水带中的浓度分布和指示意义.发现²²²Rn在上部包气带中的活度不足500Bq/m³，但在非饱和带中有局部异常高区，与局部小地质构造的分布有关.在饱水带中，地下水的滞留时间、不同地下水组分的混合和氡运移的距离等是导致²²²Rn活度差异的原因.管道介质的²²²Rn活度比裂隙介质的高；含水介质土壤覆盖层大的比土壤浅薄的普遍高.在大型岩溶水系统的排泄区，地下水补给河流，河流也可能短暂反补地下水，由于地下水和河流²²²Rn的差异显著，²²²Rn可能成为地下水-地表水相互作用研究的理想示踪剂.     

地下水中222Rn的液体闪烁测量法

本文介绍的测量地下水中~(222)Rn的液体闪烁法,具有简便、快速、灵敏、可靠等优点。该方法仅需水样10ml,制样时间不超过1min,探测限可达0.82Bq/L,能实现样品测量的自动化。它不需要特殊的测量装置,普通的商品液体闪烁计数器即可满足要求。是一种进行大规模地下水样中~(222)Rn浓度调查的,较为理想的方法。     

Seasonal variations of Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city

The seasonal variation of 222Rn concentrations in the air of tunnels constructed during World War II at Nagano City has been investigated. The determination of 222Rn concentrations in tunnel air was performed using a solid-state nuclear track detector technique. The monthly radon concentrations changed smoothly, decreasing towards winter and increasing towards summer, and it was found that the concentrations strongly correlate with the temperature difference between the inside and the outside of the tunnel. In the innermost areas of the tunnel, the maximum concentration was observed in July, its value being about 6500 Bq m (-3). The concentrations of radon in the tunnel air decrease exponentially towards the openings of the tunnel, which indicates that the radon concentration in the tunnel is basically governed by diffusion and mixing of radon gas with air. These observations lead to the conclusion that the seasonal variation of the radon concentration in the tunnel air is mainly caused by a convection current due to a stack effect induced by the temperature difference between the tunnel air and the outside air.     

哈密地区环境中^220Rn子体α潜能浓度所致居民剂量估算

用ＳｔｒａｎｄｅｎＥ．推荐的测量方法对哈密地区环境空气中２２０Ｒｎ子体α潜能浓度测量结果表明，室内、外平均值分别为５６．１和１０．２（×１０－７Ｊ·ｍ－３）。室内外２２０Ｒｎ／２２２Ｒｎ子体α潜能浓度比值分别为０．８４和０３２。２２０Ｒｎ子体所致居民有效剂量当量为２２８μＳｖ·ａ－１（集体有效剂量当量为０．９×０２ｍａｎ·Ｓｖ）。     

Indoor and outdoor Radon concentration measurements in Sivas, Turkey, in comparison with geological setting

Indoor and soil gas Radon (²²²Rn) concentration measurements were accomplished in two stages in Sivas, a central eastern city in Turkey. In the first stage, CR-39 passive nuclear track detectors supplied by the Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEA) were placed in the selected houses throughout Sivas centrum in two seasons; summer and winter. Before the setup of detectors, a detailed questionnaire form was distributed to the inhabitants of selected houses to investigate construction parameters and properties of the houses, and living conditions of inhabitants. Detectors were collected back two months later and analysed at TAEA laboratories to obtain indoor ²²²Rn gas concentration values. In the second stage, soil gas ²²²Rn measurements were performed using an alphameter near the selected houses for the indoor measurements. Although ²²²Rn concentrations in Sivas were quite low in relation with the allowable limits, they are higher than the average of Turkey. Indoor and soil gas ²²²Rn concentration distribution maps were prepared seperately and these maps were applied onto the surface geological map. In this way, both surveys were correlated with the each other and they were interpreted in comparison with the answers of questionnaire and the geological setting of the Sivas centrum and the vicinity.     

External gamma-ray dose rate and radon concentration in indoor environments covered with Brazilian granites

Health hazard from natural radioactivity in Brazilian granites, covering the walls and floor in a typical dwelling room, was assessed by indirect methods to predict external gamma-ray dose rates and radon concentrations. The gamma-ray dose rate was estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation method and validated by in-situ measurements with a NaI spectrometer. Activity concentrations of ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K in an extensive selection of Brazilian commercial granite samples measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry were found to be 4.5-450 Bq kg⁻¹, 4.9-160 Bq kg⁻¹ and 190-2029 Bq kg⁻¹, respectively. The maximum external gamma-ray dose rate from floor and walls covered with the Brazilian granites in the typical dwelling room (5.0 m × 4.0 m area, 2.8 m height) was found to be 120 nGy h⁻¹, which is comparable with the average worldwide exposure to external terrestrial radiation of 80 nGy h⁻¹ due to natural sources, proposed by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radon concentrations in the room were also estimated by a simple mass balance equation and exhalation rates calculated from the measured values of ²²⁶Ra concentrations and the material properties. The results showed that the radon concentration in the room ventilated adequately (0.5 h⁻¹) will be lower than 100 Bq m⁻³, value recommended as a reference level by the World Health Organization.     

滤膜法测定大气所■子体放射性浓度的计算公式推导

推导了用滤膜法测定环境空气中放射性(气土)子体(ThB、ThC)浓度的计算公式及其潜能公式,为放射性环境空气质量监测提供了一种方便简捷的方法。