遥感技术在灰霾监测中的应用综述

介绍了灰霾遥感监测的基本原理,论述了基于图像变换的TC法、HOT法和基于反演气溶胶光学厚度的灰霾遥感监测技术,以及造成灰霾天气的秸秆燃烧遥感监测方法.指出卫星遥感技术可以提供大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,以及全球性的大气环境综合遥感数据,是灰霾监测与综合治理的重要途径.     

家庭的远程监控系统设计

时下双职工的家庭越来越多,这样人们就希望当自己在外面的时候也能及时掌握家里发生的紧急情况及控制家里的某些设备的开启与关闭.文中就是根据人们的这一需要设计的家庭远程自动监控设备.此设备应用单片机、TC35i模块、相应的传感器等电子设备来共同完成此项功能.因为此设备应用的是GSM(全球移动通信系统),所以无论人在哪里,都可以监视控制家里的情况,只要拥有一部手机就可以了.     

活性污泥对四环素的吸附性能研究

通过批量平衡法研究了四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为.结果表明,污泥混合液浓度和四环素初始浓度对吸附平衡时间、污泥吸附量和污泥吸附率均有较大影响.伪二级反应动力学模型较伪一级反应动力学模型更符合本吸附实验.在10、25℃条件下,四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为较符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量分别是31.14、70.95 mg.g-1;在40℃下,符合Henry模型.应用D-R模型判定吸附类型,10℃(平均吸附能为9.13 kJ.mol-1)下,化学吸附占主导;40℃(平均吸附能为7.07 kJ.mol-1)下,物理吸附占主导.温度升高,污泥对四环素的吸附能力增大.离子交换是四环素在活性污泥上吸附的一种机制.四环素的初始浓度为5、10、20 mg.L-1,钠离子浓度由0 mol.L-1增加到0.1 mol.L-1时,吸附量分别下降15.32%、15.00%、20.12%.当pH在5～10之间时,pH为6的条件下污泥对四环素的吸附量最大.     

木质素过氧化物酶降解四环素机理的研究

为探究过氧化物酶对四环素类抗生素的降解机理,以白腐真菌Phanerochaete chrysosporium表达的木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)粗酶为研究对象,研究其产酶条件及其降解四环素(TC)的机理。结果表明:低浓度Mn2+可促进产酶,碳源、氮源限制是产酶的重要条件;降解反应进行10min后,H2O2消耗至阈值0.045mmol/L,LiP对TC的降解停止,其降解率达到82%;TC降解反应趋于平衡时,补加TC和H2O2后,LiP依然可以高效发挥作用,其二次降解率达到65%;LiP作用于不同初始浓度(10mg/L、25mg/L、50mg/L、100mg/L)TC,显示LiP对不同浓度TC均可有效降解,TC降解率分别为62%、80%、82%和90%;降解产物的抑菌性试验反映出降解产物较TC母体的抑菌性明显降低;LC/MS捕获到6种可能的降解产物E-TC、TP 461、E-TP 461、TP 477、TP 475和TP 445,并推测出LiP降解TC可能的降解途径。     

TC4钛合金厚板电偶腐蚀与防护研究

目的研究TC4钛合金厚板与铝合金、钢之间发生电偶腐蚀的敏感性。方法通过测定TC4钛合金厚板与铝合金、钢组成的电偶对的电偶电流方法,研究TC4钛合金厚板与上述异种材料之间发生电偶腐蚀的敏感性。结果 TC4钛合金厚板与铝合金、钢接触时极易发生电偶腐蚀,不能直接接触使用,必须采取有效的防护措施。对钛合金和铝合金进行阳极氧化处理,可降低电偶腐蚀敏感性;对钛合金进行阳极氧化处理,同时对钢进行电镀镉-钛处理可以在一定程度上降低电偶腐蚀敏感性。结论 TC4钛合金厚板与铝合金及钢的电偶腐蚀敏感性高,表面处理可以有效降低异种材料的电偶腐蚀敏感性。     

国际电工委员会第89技术委员会动态介绍

介绍了ＩＥＣ组织、ＩＥＣＴＣ８９的最新工作开展情况及其制修订标准的主要内容。     

Carbonaceous species in fine particles at the background sites in Korea between 1994 and 1999

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in fine particles (PM_2.5) at two background sites, Kosan and Kangwha in Korea were measured during intensive field studies between 1994 and 1999. Fine particles were collected on pre-fired quartz filters in a low-volume sampler and analyzed using the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO₂ catalyst. The OC and EC concentrations at Kosan located at western tip of Cheju Island in southern Korea are lower than those at Kangwha located at western coastal area in mid-Korean peninsula. Still, the OC concentrations at Kosan are generally higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. The EC concentrations at Kosan are lower than or comparable to those at other background areas. The total carbon (TC, sum of OC and EC) to EC ratio values at both sites were higher than those at other background areas in Japan and USA. At Kosan, the OC and EC concentrations when air parcels were from southern China were higher than those when air parcels were coming from northern China. However, at Kangwha, the differences were statistically not clear since most air parcels were from northern China. Except when air parcels were from the North Pacific during summer, the OC and EC concentrations are well correlated indicating that both OC and EC share the same emission/transport characteristics. From the gaseous hydrocarbon data and the OC and EC relationship, it was found that during summer local biogenic emissions of OC might be significant at Kosan.     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH,the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL^- and L^2-). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

不同大气CO2浓度升高处理对水稻秸秆在后茬冬小麦田中分解特性的影响

为研究大气CO₂浓度逐渐增加和稳定高浓度处理对水稻秸秆在后茬冬小麦田土壤中分解特性的影响,进行田间试验,设置3个浓度水平——背景大气CO₂浓度(CK)、每个生长季CO₂浓度比CK逐渐增加40 μmol/mol(T1)、每个生长季CO₂浓度均比CK高200 μmol/mol(T2),处于上述3个浓度水平下连续3个生长季的水稻秸秆处理编号分别用CK-OTC、T1-OTC、T2-OTC表示,第3个生长季T1-OTC的CO₂浓度为120 μmol/mol,3个生长季中前两个生长季处于开顶箱(OTC)外且第3个生长季处于OTC内的处理分别表示为CK、T1、T2.将不同处理下的水稻秸秆埋入麦田土壤中,于填埋后30、60、84、119、149 d测定剩余秸秆的质量以及总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)含量.结果表明:填埋后30 d不同处理下秸秆的分解率为33.2%~38.2%,至149 d填埋结束,不同处理下秸秆的分解率为57.3%~60.3%.填埋试验后期(填埋后84、119、149 d)的秸秆分解率与粗纤维含量之间存在显著(P < 0.05)或极显著(P < 0.01)相关关系.T1、T2处理下水稻秸秆在分解过程中的TC含量与CK无显著(P>0.05)差异,而OTC-T1处理下水稻秸秆在整个分解阶段的TC含量显著(P < 0.05)高于CK,且在填埋后60~119 d这一阶段T2处理下TC含量与OTC-CK处理之间存在边缘显著(0.05 < P < 0.10)差异.所有处理下的TC含量在填埋后比填埋前均明显降低,特别是对于TN含量而言,大部分处理下TN含量均随时间的线性增加程度达到极显著(P < 0.01)水平,C/N均在分解过程中随时间呈线性降低趋势(P < 0.05).研究显示,一个生长季尺度上CO₂浓度的升高会提高秸秆分解率,秸秆分解过程中TC分解速率比TN快,从而造成C/N下降.      

老化作用对微塑料吸附四环素的影响及其机制

微塑料（MPs）和抗生素同为新型污染物,微塑料可以在水环境中吸附抗生素并作为其载体而共同迁移,而微塑料会在环境中不断地老化,其吸附能力和吸附机制也会随之改变.以聚乙烯（PE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）为目标MPs,通过紫外法（UV-254）进行照射,对比老化前后微塑料颜色、表面形态和官能团等理化特性改变,以及其对四环素（TC）吸附的影响,探讨了相关影响机制.结果表明,准二级动力学模型能较好地模拟吸附过程,在24 h内达到吸附平衡,老化微塑料对TC的吸附量明显高于原始微塑料,且PS的吸附量高于PE.Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能较好地描述吸附等温试验数据,TC在微塑料上的吸附是自发的和吸热的物理吸附过程,老化作用对微塑料吸附热力学特性无明显影响.随着pH值的增加,吸附量先增大后减小,老化前后的微塑料均在pH=5时达到最大吸附量.紫外老化增加了微塑料的比表面积,生成了—C＝O、—OH和O＝C＝O等含氧官能团,改变了微塑料的理化特性,从而改变了微塑料对TC的吸附机制：相比原始PE微塑料,老化PE除了疏水分配、范德华力和静电作用外,孔填充也是吸附的重要机制;原始PS微塑料的主要吸附机制为疏水分配、范德华力、π-π作用和静电作用,老化PS则增加了氢键和孔填充作用.