Using fuzzy set theory to address the uncertainty of susceptibility to drought

This paper presents the technical aspects of a new methodology for assessing the susceptibility of society to drought. The methodology consists of a combination of inference modelling and fuzzy logic applications. Four steps are followed: (1) model input variables are selected—these variables reflect the main factors influencing susceptibility in a social group, population or region, (2) fuzzification—the uncertainties of the input variables are made explicit by representing them as ‘fuzzy membership functions’, (3) inference modelling—the input variables are used to construct a model made up of linguistic rules, and (4) defuzzification—results from the model in linguistic form are translated into numerical form, also through the use of fuzzy membership functions. The disadvantages and advantages of this methodology became apparent when it was applied to the assessment of susceptibility from three disciplinary perspectives: Disadvantages include the difficulty in validating results and the subjectivity involved with specifying fuzzy membership functions and the rules of the inference model. Advantages of the methodology are its transparency, because all model assumptions have to be made explicit in the form of inference rules; its flexibility, in that informal and expert knowledge can be incorporated through ‘fuzzy membership functions’ and through the rules in the inference model; and its versatility, since numerical data can be converted to linguistic statements and vice versa through the procedures of ‘fuzzification’ and ‘defuzzification’.     

卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展及应用

随着全球环境问题与能源问题的不断加剧,人们迫切需要开发一些高效、环保、稳定的光催化剂。卤氧化铋(BiOX,X=Cl、Br、I)因其独特的层状结构,优异的光学、电学性能,在光催化领域受到了越来越多的关注。虽然BiOX光催化剂在光催化反应中展现出了优异性能,但其光催化效率仍有待提高。简要叙述了BiOX的结构与性能以及当前主流的制备方法,主要概述了最近几年卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展。改性方法主要有微结构调控、晶面与缺陷调控、掺杂、构造异质结等,这些方法主要是通过提高卤氧化铋或卤氧化铋复合物的光吸收能力、光生载流子的分离和运输效率、以及活性位点的暴露量来实现改性。介绍了其在环境、能源和生物等领域的应用,同时对BiOX的发展提出了问题和展望。     

海洋环境中光合色素分析方法研究与应用进展

根据国内外的文献,综述了海洋环境中光合色素分析方法的发展状况,指出了其分析方法在发展过程中创新的主要方面,并对光合色素分析在赤潮监测、藻类的化学分类及生物碳生物量和矿物质通量方面的应用进行了展望。     

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates： A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.     

TFT-LCD制造企业节能减排管理模式研究

节能减排是企业可持续发展的重要保障.TFT-LCD制造企业以合肥某光电科技有限公司第8.5代TFT-LCD项目为例,通过强化组织、领导,加强节能宣传和培训,提高节能减排意识,通过建立健全节能减排管理体系,从能源计量、节能奖惩、加强重点能源消耗管控等方面完善体制,层层剖析节能减排管理,使节能减排工作见到实效.     

A review of post-modern management techniques as currently applied to Turkish forestry

This paper reviews the effects of six post-modern management concepts as applied to Turkish forestry. Up to now, Turkish forestry has been constrained, both in terms of its operations and internal organization, by a highly bureaucratic system. The application of new thinking in forestry management, however, has recently resulted in new organizational and production concepts that promise to address problems specific to this Turkish industry and bring about positive changes. This paper will elucidate these specific issues and demonstrate how post-modern management thinking is influencing the administration and operational capacity of Turkish forestry within its current structure.     

Safe use of refrigerants for process applications

This paper examines safety issues, with emphasis on central refrigeration plant for process applications. Plantroom hazards including refrigerant leakage, excess pressure, fire and noise are covered. It is concluded that routine surveys which are being conducted in connection with the chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon phase-outs present an opportunity for examining safety issues.     

摩崖石刻及碑刻文物保护与管理的GIS应用构想——以琅琊山为例

GIS在琅琊山摩崖石刻及碑刻文物资源保护和管理中,能够支持数字化地图并对文物进行精确定位、文物点的多媒体信息管理、文物时空分布规律研究、文物点周边环境的综合分析以及文物保护和管理的日常办公等。     

Modified titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocomposites and its array of applications: a review

Titania (TiO₂) has been the focus of attention of researchers since the first demonstration of its capability to generate the photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. However, there seems to be a recent surge in the research activity, involving modified TiO₂ nanoparticles (NP), which are considered to be more effective due to different physicochemical properties in comparison to unmodified fine particle analogs. Several strategies have been employed to modify TiO₂ to reduce recombination rates of photogenerated charge carriers to enhance the optimal functioning of TiO₂. Doping with cations and anions and coupling it with another semiconductor are the most well-known modification methods used. Titania nanocomposites are known to have a plethora of applications. Photoexcitation of these particles are seen to be extraordinarily effective in eliciting microbial death which makes it an attractive candidate for the manufacturing of antimicrobial coatings. On the other hand, TiO₂ induces the oxidation of various organic refractory compounds like tetracycline, sulfamethazine, and bisphenol. The photo-electrocatalytic oxidation technique which amalgamates the principle of photocatalysis and electrolysis serves as a newer, unswerving, and cost effective water treatment process. In the biomedical arena, use is now acknowledged for the photodynamic therapy of cancer, cell imaging, biological sensors, drug delivery system, and as endonucleases. In the commercial front, it is utilized in creams owing to its small particle size, which facilitates absorption through skin. It is also employed as ultraviolet blocking agents in sunscreen and commonly encountered as a brilliant white pigment in paint due to its brightness, high refractive index and resistance to discoloration. Its use in solar cells has also been reported. This review aims to encompass the new progress of modified TiO2 nanocomposites for efficient applications, emphasizing the future trends of TiO2 in arenas like healthcare, environment, biomedical, food, personal care, and pharmacy and also highlights the commercial implications of this promising nanomaterial.     

化学修饰电极在环境监测中的应用

简要综述化学修饰电极在环境监测中的实际应用,包括土壤监测、大气监测、水质监测和生物监测.