塔里木河下游输水间歇地下水埋深及化学组分的变化

基于适时监测资料,对塔里木河下游2006年11月第11次输水停止后地下水埋深和地下水化学特征时空变化进行分析总结,结果发现,塔里木河下游上段地下水埋深自2007年3月～2009年9月呈增加变化,地下水主要离子含量以增加变化为主;中段地下水埋深呈增加变化,但主要离子的含量以下降变化为主要特征;下段地下水埋深从2008年8月起呈减小变化趋势,地下水中主要离子含量随地下水位的上升而增加.在各断面距离输水河道远处,地下水埋深变化首先与断面距离水源地大西海子水库的远近有关,距离大西海子水库较近的英苏断面在输水间歇地下水埋深呈增加变化,但变化幅度不大;喀尔达伊断面地下水埋深在输水间歇以增加变化为主;阿拉干和考干断面地下水埋深在2008年8月以后才开始受到输水的影响,地下水化学特征的变化则表现出较复杂的变化.     

偏二甲肼超临界水氧化动力学研究

利用一套连续式超临界水氧化实验装置,以H2O2为氧化剂,在480～550℃、30 MPa条件下,进行了超临界水氧化偏二甲肼实验,建立了COD去除宏观动力学方程.实验结果表明,在超临界条件下,偏二甲肼氧化分解很快,当温度为550℃、压力为30 MPa、停留时间为5.8 s时,COD去除率可高达93.5%以上.偏二甲肼的去除率随反应温度升高、停留时间延长而提高.在H2O2过量50%的情况下,偏二甲肼氧化分解反应对有机物为1.13级,对氧气为0.29级;反应活化能Ea为44.65 kJ·mol-1;指前因子A为4.93×103.     

Influence of Indian mustard （Brassicajuncea） on rhizosphere soil solution chemistry in long-term contaminated soils： A rhizobox study

This study investigated the influence of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) root exudation on soil solution properties (pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), metal solubility) in the rhizosphere using a rhizobox. Measurement was conducted following the cultivation of Indian mustard in the rhizobox filled four di erent types of heavy metal contaminated soils (two alkaline soils and two acidic soils). The growth of Indian mustard resulted in a significant increase (by 0.6 pH units) in rhizosphere soil solution pH of acidic soils and only a slight increase (< 0.1 pH units) in alkaline soils. Furthermore, the DOC concentration increased by 17–156 mg/L in the rhizosphere regardless of soil type and the extent of contamination, demonstrating the exudation of DOC from root. Ion chromatographic determination showed a marked increase in the total dissolved organic acids (OAs) in rhizosphere. While root exudates were observed in all soils, the amount of DOC and OAs in soil solution varied considerably amongst di erent soils, resulting in significant changes to soil solution metals in the rhizosphere. For example, the soil solution Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations increased in the rhizosphere of alkaline soils compared to bulk soil following plant cultivation. In contrast, the soluble concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in acidic soils decreased in rhizosphere soil when compared to bulk soils. Besides the influence of pH and DOC on metal solubility, the increase of heavy metal concentration having high stability constant such as Cu and Pb resulted in a release of Cd and Zn from solid phase to liquid phase.     

中国中东部地区地表水环境锶元素地球化学特征研究

水环境中锶的含量及其变化、地理分布及其控制因素等特征的研究有助于认识区域水文地球化学特征及流域盆地岩石风化速率等地球化学行为,因此河流环境中锶的地球化学行为是地球化学研究的重要课题之一。对我国中东部地区部分河流水体中溶解态锶含量进行了分析研究发现,与世界上主要河流溶解态锶含量平均值0.078 mg/L相比,中国中东部地区河水中的锶含量(0.139 mg/L)明显偏高。分析研究表明,中国中东部地区河水中的锶主要源于蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化作用,流域锶含量从南向北逐渐增加的现象主要受流域岩石或沉积物类型的控制,化学风化作用越强烈,河流锶含量越高。除了受区域岩性的影响外,气候条件对流域河水中的锶含量水平及地理分布起到一定的控制作用。     

湖北丹江口水库主要离子化学季节变化及离子来源分析

2004～2006年对丹江口水库中的5个点位水质的 t 、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、HCO^-₃、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺和Si进行了测定.综合运用方差分析及主成分分析对它们的季节变化及其来源进行了研究.结果表明,丹江口库区水体呈弱碱性,属于弱矿化度水,水质类型为HCO^-₃-Ca型水.主要阴、阳离子浓度范围为：Cl^-,（4.0±0.5～6.9±1.8）mg·L^-1;NO^-₃,（4.6±0.9～6.8±1.7）mg·L^-1;SO^2-₄,（24.3±2.7～35.4±6.9） mg·L^-1;HCO^-₃,（133.0±11.7～153.5±29.6）mg·L^-1;Na⁺,（2.0±0.3～5.3±1.0）mg·L^-1;K⁺,（0.7±0.09～1.6±0.7） mg·L^-1;Ca²⁺,（33.0±2.1～46.6±0.8）mg·L^-1;Mg²⁺,（8.0±2.5～10.5±3.2）mg·L^-1.方差分析显示除HCO^-₃和Si外,t、pH、EC、TDS、ORP、SO^2-₄、Cl^-、NO^-₃、Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺都表现出了显著的季节性差异,主要离子化学汛期浓度均小于对应的非汛期浓度.Na⁺和Mg²⁺的浓度只表现出秋汛<秋季,NO^-₃和SO^2-₄浓度却呈现出秋汛>秋季,这主要归因于降雨的大气沉降对水化学的贡献不同.HCO^-₃占主要阴离子的75%～88%,Ca²⁺和碱土金属分别占主要阳离子的60%～80%和87%～96%,表明碳酸盐岩风化是水体质子的主要来源及主要化学风化类型.参照我国及世界卫生组织饮用水标准,主要离子的浓度并未对人体产生危害.     

大气气溶胶中碘形态研究进展

大气中的碘直接影响对流层中多种光化学反应并间接影响全球气候变化,因而碘的大气化学机制研究受到越来越多关注.气溶胶中的碘是其大气化学反应的最终产物,通过其赋存形态可以推测和了解碘的大气化学过程.大气碘化学理论一直认为IO3-是大气碘沉降中最主要的碘形态,但近年来的各地实测数据发现大气气溶胶中的碘形态大多以可溶性有机碘或I-为主.这种分歧说明目前的大气碘化学理论尚有待完善.本文详细介绍了近年来碘的大气化学以及气溶胶颗粒物中碘形态的研究进展.     

探究不同金属离子对电化学氧化去除水体中4-CP的影响

文章为探究金属离子(亚铁离子、铁离子、二价铜离子、二价锰离子)对电化学氧化降解废水中4-CP的影响。采用自制的圆形电化学反应器,通过添加不同含量的金属离子来探究对4-CP去除效果的影响。试验的研究表明,亚铁离子具有较好的催化强化效果,平均催化效率可达24%,且Fe(Ⅱ)最适宜投加量为1.5mmol/L,催化效率可提高31.5%。另外其他三种金属离子均存在不同程度的抑制,其中抑制效果由强到弱为Mn(Ⅱ)>Fe(Ⅲ)>Cu(Ⅱ),且当Mn(Ⅱ)投加量为3.0 mmol/L时,完全抑制4-CP的电化学氧化降解。     

利用化学沉淀法降低焦化废水氨氮浓度的预处理工艺研究

为了有效净化高浓度氨氮工业废水,采用向废水中投加MgCl2·6H2O和Na3PO4·12H2O生成磷酸氨镁沉淀的方法,以去除其中的高浓度氨氮。结果表明,在pH值为9.0,Mg^2＋、NH4^＋、PO4^3-的摩尔比为1.2：1：0.9,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为20 min,沉淀时间为50 min的条件下,氨氮质量浓度可由3 100 mg/l降低到56mg/l,去除率达到98%以上,为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

贵州省三岔河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

对乌江源区三岔河流域枯水期和丰水期河水样品离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,河水主要的阴阳离子分别是HCO_3~–和Ca~(2+),分别占到总阴离子量的55%和总阳离子量的70%,与喀斯特地区流域相似。主要离子的时空分布的对比分析表明,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Na~+、HCO_3~–、Cl~–枯水期浓度略高于丰水期,而K+、SO_4~(2–)、NO_3~–两期浓度变化相对较小;空间分布的多样化,反映了不同小流域在地质背景、生态环境、人为活动等方面的差异对河水离子的影响。通过Gibbs图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到岩石风化的影响,通过阴阳离子三角图分析表明,研究区河水水化学主要受到碳酸岩盐的影响,并且硫酸广泛参与到岩石风化中,人为活动对流域水化学组成也有一定影响。     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.