Critical review of Integrated Water Resources Management: Moving beyond polarised discourse

Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) emerged as a popular concept in the water sector in the 20th century. From a highly techno-centric approach in the past, it has taken a new turn embracing Habermasian communicative rationality as a place-based nexus for multiple actors to consensually and communicatively integrate decisions in a hydrological unit. The 'how to integrate' approach had remarkable appeal worldwide in promoting authentic participation of all stakeholders. However, critics argue that the domain of water resource management is a political process of contestation and negotiation; the emphasis is on complexities, contextuality, power dynamics and the importance of analysing real world situations. They demonstrate 'how integration cannot be achieved' given the power dynamics in social interactions. These apparently contradictory discourses draw on different theoretical paradigms and polarise the discourse on IWRM, without offering constructive alternatives. To this end, this paper offers an option to complement this polarised discourse by examining 'how integration actually does take place' in a strategic context thereby facilitating consensual decisions to integrate water management for a sustainable future.     

建设项目环境影响评价中污染物排放总量控制评价方法

本文提出了在建设项目环境影响评价中关于污染物排放总量控制评价所应包含的内容,介绍了清洁生产纳入环评中的方法,确定了在技术经济合理,污染物排放满足环境质量与排放标准前提下的排放总量,并对其合理性论证方法做了介绍,提出总量控制目标实现的对策。     

Rapid humanitarian assessments and rationality: a value-of-information study from Iraq, 2003-04

Rapid assessments are one of the standard informational tools in humanitarian response and are supposed to contribute to rational decision-making.(1) The extent to which the assessment organisation itself behaves rationally, however, is an open question. This can be evaluated against multiple criteria, such as the cost and value of the information it collects and its ability to adapt flexibly design or samples when the survey environment changes unforeseeably. An unusual data constellation from two concurrent recent (2003-04) rapid assessments in northern Iraq permits us to model part of the actual assessment behaviour in terms of geographical, community and prior substantive information attributes. The model correctly predicts the decisions, in 79 per cent of the 2,425 local communities in focus, that data collector teams in the Emergency Mine Action Survey made to visit or not to visit. The analysis demonstrates variably rational behaviour under conditions of insecurity, repeated regrouping and incomplete sampling frames. A pronounced bias towards very small rural settlements is irrational for the overall results, but may be a rational strategy of individual survey workers seeking to prolong their employment. Implications for future assessments are sketched in the areas of tools for urban surveys, greater adaptability, including early feedback from users, and sensibility to value-of-information concepts.     

我国各级城市用地规模合理性的比较研究

本文在反思国内外对城市用地规模研究的基础上,通过数量分析研究了我国各等级城市用地规模的合理性,比较说明了具体城市现状用地规模的合理与否,最后指出我国在大力提高城市化水平的过程中应特别重视土地的可持续利用问题。     

国家生态文明建设试点示范区指标合理性探讨

环保部于2013年5月23日颁布的《国家生态文明建设试点示范区指标（试行）》（以下简称《指标（试行）》）已实施有9个月。到目前为止,全国已有6批生态文明建设试点地区参照《指标》要求确定生态文明建设目标,编制生态文明规划。然而,实际工作中发现指标体系中部分指标的合理性有待商榷。本文通过对问题指标进行分类探讨,将指标存在的问题分为四大类：指标定义亟待完善、指标标准设定偏高、指标数据获取性差和参考标准有待更新。根据不同类型指标问题的特点,分别对指标进行分析并提出合理的改进和解决方案,为环保部对《指标（试行）》的进一步完善和改进提供了理论依据和思路,对我国生态文明建设工作持续健康发展起到了促进作用。     

关于汽车内饰塑料件气候交变试验的分析

通过对高温条件、低温条件、温湿条件的试验机理进行分析,对气候交变试验标准的合理性提出了质疑,并给出一种对比验证的方法进行验证,以期规范和有机统一不同的气候交变试验标准。另外还探讨了气候交变试验在验证产品生命周期上的意义以及气候交变试验与功能试验结合的必要性。     

通信铁塔影响建筑物防雷安全计算公式之合理性探讨

以一个发生过严重雷灾事故的屋顶通信铁塔为例,分别利用国际电信联盟ITU-K56《无线通讯基站的雷电防护》和国际电报电话咨询委员会CCITT《防雷手册》中的公式计算出建筑物安装了通信铁塔后的年预计雷击次数,并将之与未安装通信铁塔时的年预计雷击次数进行对比,两者的计算结果存在显著差异。基于雷击条件相似原则,参照移动公司通信铁塔每年遭受雷击次数的实际统计数据,对这两个计算公式的合理性问题进行了探讨。研究结果表明,CCITT《防雷手册》中的计算公式更具合理性,计算结果更加接近实际值,计算方法更能准确地评估铁塔对所在区域的建筑物及电子电气设备的防雷安全所造成的影响。     

葫芦岛市城市总体规划环境合理性分析

葫芦岛市城市总体规划属于城市开发建设规划。在对葫芦岛市城市总体规划系统分析的基础上,采用比较分析的方法论证了规划在城市发展总体目标、工业用地布局及城市基础设施布局的环境合理性。     

从大气环境影响角度探讨城市总体规划布局合理性

通过对城市总体规划热源、电源废气排放对城市大气环境影响的定量预测,工业用地其它废气可能对居住用地产生的大气环境影响的定性分析研究,从大气环境影响角度,提出城市规划布局建议。     

城市绿地生态系统合理供水辨识分析

城市绿地因具有美化环境、降低空气污染、控制城市热岛等作用而日益得到重视。合理的城市生态供水不仅有益于植被的正常生长,对城市水资源合理配置同样具有积极意义。为统筹城市生态与国民经济发展,保证绿地健康,需要合理的绿地供水管理。本文以土壤含水量为标准,根据田间持水量、临界土壤含水量和凋萎系数三个土壤含水量值划分不同等级的绿地需水量,将供水量分为四个等级,建立了城市绿地供水合理性评价模型,为有效辨识供水合理性提供了参照依据。以2009年北京市城市绿地供水为例,进行了供水合理性分析,结果表明,从全年来看,供水基本合理,虽然绿地蒸散发受到一定抑制,但不影响植被生长;从逐月供水来看,个别月份存在供水过少或过多现象,影响植被生长,且不利于水资源合理利用。