充分利用环保倒逼机制促进产业结构调整升级

淄博市污染聚集,环境质量易受外来因素影响,产业结构不合理,污染物排放量大,排放强度高。但其充分发挥环保的倒逼作用,通过建立健全环保政策法规体系,严格执行高于省及国家标准的地方环保标准,大力发展高新技术和现代服务业,加快改造传统产业,极大地促进了产业结构升级和经济发展方式的转变。     

低纬高原大气电场特征及其在预警中的应用

通过对2006年7月- 2007年6月云南地闪定位网探测资料和玉溪大气电场仪资料分析,研究了高原晴天大气电场和雷暴天气过程的电场演变特征.结果表明:高原晴天大气电场具有明显的日变化和月变化特征.低纬高原地区雷暴云具有偶极性和三极性两种结构,但大多数雷暴具有偶极性电荷结构,不同电荷结构的雷暴云的放电特征不同,偶极性时主要为负地闪,地闪活动较活跃；三极性时主要是正地闪,地闪活动较少.根据雷暴云近地面电场变化特征,探讨了大气电场仪预警地闪的方法,首次提出极性变化预警法,其命中率和提前预警时间都明显优于阈值预警法.     

Frequency and timing of extrapair fertilisation in the polyandrous red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)

In sequentially polyandrous bird species, where females mate with different males in succession during a single breeding season, sperm stored by females can occasionally lead to extrapair fertilisations (EPFs) in clutches cared for by the second and subsequent males. Thus, we predicted that in red phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) – a sex-role-reversed, sequentially polyandrous, arctic breeding shorebird – EPFs would occur more frequently in clutches laid later in the breeding season. We used multilocus DNA profiling to examine the frequency and timing of EPFs in a population of red phalaropes breeding in the Canadian high arctic. Using a technique to determine parentage without maternal DNA, we inferred that 6 of 70 chicks in 18 broods resulted from EPFs – one extrapair chick in each of 6 broods. These results were supported by a further analysis using microsatellite DNA. As predicted, broods containing EPFs hatched from clutches laid significantly later in the season than did broods containing no EPFs. The difference in median hatch dates between broods with and without EPFs was 9.0 days, or 38% of the entire egg-laying period in that season. For the whole breeding season, we estimated that 6.5% of chicks were sired by extrapair males, which is similar to extrapair paternity estimates for other sex-role-reversed birds, but relatively low compared to the majority of socially monogamous species studied so far. Received: 24 August 1998 / Received in revised form: 18 January 1999 / Accepted: 24 January 1999     

Operational sex ratios and behavioural sex differences in a pipefish population

In the pipefish Syngnathus typhle, only males brood embryos in specially developed brood pouches, supplying oxygen and nutrients. Laboratory studies have shown that this elaborate paternal care has led to sex-role reversal in this species: males limit female reproductive rate, females are the primary competitors for mates and males exercise greater selectivity in accepting mates. In the first field study of this pipefish, we describe mating behaviour in the wild and test the hypothesis that temporal variations in the operational sex ratio (OSR) determine sex differences in mating behaviour. Our study comprised two reproductive seasons of two sequential mating periods each, the latter separated by a lengthy interval of male brooding. During mating periods, females displayed to all males without wandering and males moved about searching for females, without reacting to all females. The OSR was least female-biased (or even male-biased) at the onset of the breeding season, when most pipefish were simultaneously available to mate, but became strikingly female-biased as males' pouches were filled. The OSR remained substantially female-biased during the second mating period, because few males became available to remate at any one time. As hypothesised, female-biased OSRs resulted in more female-female meetings. As well, females were above the eelgrass more often than brooding males, thus exposing themselves to conspecifics and/ or predators. In the second year, males arrived earlier than females on the breeding site and male pregnancies were shorter, because of higher water temperatures, so rematings occurred earlier. Males met more often during that year than the previous one, but male competitive interactions were still not observed. The field results support laboratory studies and demonstrate that behaviours associated with female-female competition are more prominent when the OSR is more female-biased. Correspondence to: A. Vincent     

Food or sex—males and females in a sex role reversed pipefish have different interests

In a sex role reversed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle, we found that basic life history allocations were directly influenced by sexual selection. We investigated time allocation to foraging and mating, respectively, in a choice experiment, giving males and females, of small or large body size, a choice between food and a potential partner. We found that males were more interested in foraging than mating, i.e., were more frequently observed in front of the food than in front of the partner, whereas females were more interested in the potential partner. This reflects sexual selection operating differently on the two sexes, as males and females are relatively similar in other life history traits, such as growth, mortality, age of maturity, dispersal, and parental expenditure. Moreover, large individuals allocated more time to mating activities, small to feeding. Individuals more interested in mating compared to food were subsequently more critical when given a choice between a large (high-quality) and a small (low-quality) partner, whereas individuals more interested in food were not selective. These findings are consistent with our predictions: sex-role reversed males can be relatively sure of achieving one or more matings, and should allocate more time to feeding and, hence, to parental investment, growth and/or future reproduction. Females, on the other hand, have more uncertain mating prospects and should allocate time to imminent reproductive activities, thereby foregoing other life history traits such as growth and future egg production. By this, they also sacrifice future fecundity and attractiveness.     

Mate guarding,copulation strategies and paternity in the sex-role reversed,socially polyandrous red-necked phalarope<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phalaropus lobatus</Emphasis>

In a recent review, Westneat and Stewart (2003) compiled evidence that extra-pair paternity results from a three-player interaction in which sexual conflict is a potent force. Sequentially polyandrous species of birds appear to fit this idea well. Earlier breeding males may attempt to use sperm storage by females to obtain paternity in their mates subsequent clutches. Later-breeding males may consequently attempt to avoid sperm competition by preferring to pair with previously unmated females. Females may bias events one way or the other. We examined the applicability of these hypotheses by studying mating behavior and paternity in red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus), a sex-role reversed, socially polyandrous shorebird. Male red-necked phalaropes guarded mates more strongly than other shorebirds. Males increased within-pair copulation attempts during their mates fertile period, and maintained or further increased attempts towards the end of laying, suggesting an attempt to fertilize the females next clutch; these attempts were usually thwarted by the female. Paired males sought extra-pair copulations with females about to re-enter the breeding pool. Multilocus DNA fingerprinting showed that 6% of clutches (4/63) each contained one chick sired by a male other than the incubator, producing a population rate of these events of 1.7% (n=226 chicks). Male mates had full paternity in all first clutches (n=25) and 15 of 16 monogamous replacement clutches. In contrast, 3 of 6 clutches of second males contained extra-pair young likely fathered by the females previous mate. Previously mated female phalaropes may employ counter-strategies that prevent later mating males from discriminating against them. The stability of this polyandrous system, in which males provide all parental care, ultimately may depend on females providing males with eggs containing primarily genes of the incubating male, and not a previous mate.Communicated by M. Webster     

串联微生物燃料电池的电压反转行为

微生物燃料电池是一种处理废水同时产电的具有广阔应用前景的新型水处理技术,其串联是产生更高电压的有效方法之一,但是会产生电压反转现象降低串联微生物燃料电池的性能.文章将二极管引入串联微生物燃料电池中以考察电压反转的行为.结果表明,不同的串联微生物燃料电池中均会发生电压反转.串联正向二极管的微生物燃料电池的电压反转行为与没...     

异步周期换向电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水及其机理研究

针对传统电凝聚法处理废水过程中易出现的电极表面钝化和极化而影响处理效果的现象,采用铝和铁板作为两极同步换向方法,通过周期性改变电流方向使电极钝化和极化现象得以减缓或消失,并实现两极均可溶,利用铝、铁系无机絮凝剂共存时可提高处理效果的特点,对活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水进行处理;通过正交试验,获得了该方法的最佳处理条件.在此基础上,为避免金属铝成分在废水中出现剩余影响水质,采用异步周期换向方式加以改进,考察了铝、铁电极不同通电时间对处理效果的影响,并利用紫外-可见光分光光度法、高效液相色谱法、ICP法、高分辨质谱技术、激光粒度分析仪等手段对废水处理过程主导因素和污染物去除机理以及该方法对强化处理效果的作用机理进行了分析.研究表明,最佳条件下采用异步换向周期电凝聚法处理活性艳蓝X-BR模拟染料废水30 min可使模拟废水脱色率接近100%,COD去除率可达76%以上;处理过程中起主导作用的是电凝聚过程而非电氧化还原过程;除大部分染料分子被电凝聚气浮或沉降导致脱色外,其余的活性艳蓝X-BR染料分子在电解作用下首先断裂生成了1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根,之后1,4-二氨基蒽醌-2-磺酸根又被直接絮凝上浮或沉降,或者在氢离子作用下发生了加氢反应使双键消失而脱色,模拟废水脱色是上述作用的综合结果.采用改进后的异步周期换向电凝聚法可以使铝铁离子凝聚过程形成的絮体具有更为合理的粒度和结构特性,从而更易于被去除,因此处理效果略优于同步换向和定向电流电凝聚过程,且可以实现处理后废水中铝离子含量降低到无法检出,避免其在处理后的废水中出现剩余影响水质.     

Decolorization of synthetic Methyl Orange wastewater by electrocoagulation with periodic reversal of electrodes and optimization by RSM

Treatment of Methyl Orange (MO), an azo dye, synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation with periodic reversal of the electrodes (PREC) was examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the influence of experimental conditions for color removal (CR), energy consumption (ENC), electrode consumption (ELC) and sludge production (SP) per kg MO removed (kg(MO_r)) with optimal conditions being found to be pH 7.4, solution conductivity (к) 9.4 mS cm⁻¹, cell voltage (U) 4.4 V, current density (j) 185 mA cm⁻², electrocoagulation time (T) 14 min, cycle of periodic reversal of electrodes (t) 15 s, inter-electrode distance (d) 3.5 cm and initial MO concentration of 125 mg L⁻¹. Under these conditions, 97 ± 2% color was removed and ENC, ELC and SP were 44 ± 3 kWh kg(MO_r)⁻¹, 4.1 ± 0.2 kg(Al) kg(MO_r)⁻¹ and 17.2 ± 0.9 kg(sludge) kg(MO_r)⁻¹, respectively. With the enhanced electrochemical efficiency resulting from the periodic electrode reversal, the coefficients of increased resistance and decreased current density between the two electrodes in the PREC setup were 2.48 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm⁻² min⁻¹ and 0.29 mA cm⁻² min⁻¹, respectively, as compared to 7.72 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm⁻² min⁻¹ and 0.79 mA cm⁻² min⁻¹ as measured for the traditional electrocoagulation process. The rate constant of decolorization was also enhanced by 20.4% from 0.152 min⁻¹ in the traditional electrocoagulation process to 0.183 min⁻¹ in the PREC process. These performance characteristics indicate that the PREC approach may be more promising in terms of practical application, as a cost-effective treatment, than conventional electrocoagulation for textile dye removals.