藻类毒物检测方法及其应用研究进展

综述了运用藻类进行毒物检测的测试方法及指标,介绍了藻类毒物测试在水生生态系统污染的检测与评价,饮用水的安全性评价,工业废水的毒性检测,及土壤生态系统的污染检测等方面的应用及其研究进展。     

工业废水厌氧生物处理中的无机和有机毒性物质

介绍了有关工业废水厌氧生物处理中无机和有机毒性物质方面的重要研究成果。工业废水中的毒性物质一般会对甲烷菌产生可逆性抑制,驯化能够减轻或消除毒性物质对甲烷菌的抑制作用,厌氧工艺在适当条件下能够有效地去除工业废水中的多种毒性物质。     

松花江水环境污染特征及防治措施

松花江是中国有机污染危害严重的河流之一.松花江的主要环境问题是有机污染物造成的生态污染危害,松花江的环境污染特征是有机污染冰封期加重和点源污染突出.根据松花江的污染危害及特征文章提出了污染防治措施.     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

Effects of exposure of crocodiles to sublethal concentrations of Petroleum waste drilling fluid in the Niger Delta basin of Midwestern Nigeria

Static bioassay were carried out using two aquatic crocodiles (the short nosed crocodile, Osteolemus tetraspis and the Nile crocodile, Crocodilus niloticus) as test organisms in soft natural dilution water, with Petroleum waste drilling fluid as the test material, at 28 ± 2 °C. Comparison of results for the control and different concentrations of the waste drilling fluid were made by means of the F-statistic method. Both crocodile species exhibited a high insensitivity to the undiluted waste drilling fluid and the different dilutions. Differences in concentration of waste drilling fluid did not influence the response of crocodiles to the potential toxicant. Percentage of deaths which was never greater than 0.2% in control tanks was not significantly different from that in test tanks where mortality values of organisms was typically 1.6% or less in most cases. There was a delay toxicant – induced mortality effect.     

太湖竺山湾底泥中有害物质含量与环境污染评价

对太湖竺山湾湖泊中重(类)金属、磷、硫元素、有机有毒物质的含量及放射性元素的放射强度进行了检测,通过对比雪堰段与周铁段的相关物质含量,分析了有害物质含量差异的原因,并对其环境污染进行了评价.结果表明:太湖竺山湾底泥中重(类)金属含量总体较低,其中雪堰段比周铁段含量高;有机毒物HCHs、DDTs、PCBs、PAHs由于来源不同,两地相关物质含量不同,但总体上含量较低;湖泊底泥中放射性元素铅、铯的放射性强度低,符合我国开放场址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平的规定.湖泊底泥中含有较高的磷元素,清淤过程应减轻底泥中磷的释放对水体造成的污染.本结果对太湖底泥沉积物的测量,特别是对放射性元素放射强度的检测,有利于全面了解该湖泊沉积的环境污染现状;评价其污染程度,并为太湖污染治理、清淤底泥的后续利用、风险管理提供科学数据和决策支持.     

吸烟与职业性毒物的联合作用

综述了近年吸烟与职业性毒物对作业工人健康影响的有关资料,提出吸烟与金属和类金属、刺激性气体及其他毒物有协同作用,并与职业性癌症有关,提倡戒烟非常必要.     

丙烯酰胺对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性和慢性毒性

丙烯酰胺对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性试验表明,丙烯酰胺对大型的24h LC50、48h LC50值分别为173.21和89.59mg·L-1。21d生活周期试验结果表明,大型的生殖指标是对该种化合物最为敏感的慢性毒性参数。丙烯酰胺对大型生殖的无可见效应浓度(NOEC)为1.56mg·L-1,最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)为3.13mg·L-1,并据此计算出该毒物的最大允许浓度(MATC)为2.47mg·L-1。     

单甲脒对鲤鱼的急性和亚急性毒性

为制定渔业水质标准的需要,用静态实验的方法测定了单甲脒对鲤鱼的急性和亚急性毒性。亚急性试验经13.34、6.67、3.33、1.67、0.83、0.42mg/L单甲脒暴露35天。在18～21℃下,24、48、72、96h的LC₅₀值分别为33.47、31.62、26.38、25.84mg/L。亚急性试验中,根据单甲脒对鲤鱼生长和脑、肝、肾、鳃ATPase活力的影响,求得单甲脒的最大允许毒物浓度为0.42～0.83mg/L。     

2,4-DNT对鲤鱼的急性和亚急性毒性

实验测定２,４－ＤＮＴ对鲤鱼的急生和亚急性亚急性试验经１．６４０,３．２８０,４．９１９,６．５５９,９．１０９ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１２,４－ＤＮＴ暴露３６ｄ,在１５－１９℃下,２４,４８,７２,９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为３０．７８,２７．２５,８４．２４,９６ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１。