微生物研究在土壤质量评估中的应用

为了防止土壤退化,实现资源的持续利用,必须对土壤质量进行评估.传统的理化指标已难满足需要,寻找能够全面反映土壤质量动态变化和判别胁迫环境或人为干扰下土壤质量变化的灵敏指标,已成为土壤生态学的研究热点.土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组分,在生物地球化学循环过程中有重要的作用,对土壤环境变化和胁迫的反应十分灵敏.但由于土壤微生物种类繁多且难以培养,限制了其在土壤质量评价中的应用.近年来围绕土壤微生物总量、活性和组成的测定发展出了很多新的技术,如微生物生物量测定、土壤酶活件测定、土壤诱导呼吸强度测定、Biolog微量分析、纯培养、磷脂脂肪酸谱图分析和分子生物学技术等,极大地促进了微生物指标在土壤质量评价中的应用.本文就这3个方面的土壤微生物研究技术及其在土壤质量评价中的应用进行评述.表1参70.

Application of Microbial Research in Evaluation of Soil Quality

It is necessary to evaluate soil quality in order to prevent soil degradation and realize sustainable use of resources. The traditional physicochemical measures can not meat this need. Therefore, the study on soil ecology has become a hot research that aims to find out sensitive indices that can comprehensively reflect the dynamic changes in soil quality under different situations. Soil microbes are the important components of soil ecosystem, exhibiting the important role in biogeochemieal cycle. They are very sensitive to the changes of soil environments. However, their applications in the evaluation of soil quality are limited by the facts that soil microbes comprise various species and most of them are difficult to be cultivated. In recent years, many new techniques have been developed for this purpose and they can greatly promote the use of soil microbes in the evaluation of soil quality. These techniques include the measurements of microbial biornass, enzyme activity, biodiversity of soil microbes, substrate-induced respiration of soil, Biolog analysis, pure cultivation, phospholipid fatty acid analysis and molecular methods. In this paper, these techniques and their applications in the evaluation of soil quality are reviewed. Tab 1, Ref 70