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Transport modeling of copper and cadmium with linear and nonlinear retardation factors
Authors:Chang C M  Wang M K  Chang T W  Lin C  Chen Y R
Affiliation:

a Soil Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC

b Environment Division, Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Chungli 320, Taiwan, ROC

c Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 406, Taiwan, ROC

d Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan

Abstract:
The predictive accuracy of using the one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation to evaluate the fate and transport of solute in a soil column is usually dependent on the proper determination of chemical retardation factors. Typically, the distribution coefficient (Kd) obtained by fitting the linear sorption isotherm has been extensively used to consider general geochemical reactions on solute transport in a low-concentration range. However, the linear distribution coefficient cannot be adequately utilized to describe the solute fate at a higher concentration level. This study employed the nonlinear equilibrium-controlled sorption parameters to determine the retardation factor used in column leaching experiments. Copper and cadmium transportation in a lateritic silty-clay soil column was examined. Through the explicit finite-difference calculations with a third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) numerical solution scheme, all results of the theoretical copper and cadmium breakthrough curves (BTCs) simulated by using the Freundlich nonlinear retardation factors revealed good agreement with the experimental observations.
Keywords:Cadmium   Copper   Miscible displacement   Retardation factor   Solute transport
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