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Solar energy for electricity and fuels |
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| Authors: | Olle Inganäs Villy Sundström |
| Affiliation: | 1. Environmental Geography Group, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelenlaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2. University of Maryland at Baltimore County, 211 Sondheim Hall, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA 3. National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, 1 Park Place, Suite 300, Annapolis, MD, USA 18. Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Avenida Rector Eduardo Morales Miranda, Edificio Pugín, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile 4. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA 5. Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain 6. Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 19. Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA 7. Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA 8. Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA 9. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 115 Manly Miles Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA 10. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, ?ster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark 11. F.R.S.-FNRS & Georges Lema?tre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Pasteur 3, bte L4.03.08, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 12. Department of Anthropology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 174 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA 13. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ulls V?g 16, Box 7044, Uppsala, Sweden 14. Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany 15. Department of Geography, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street W, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B9, Canada 16. Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environment Research, Permoserstra?e 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany 17. Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA |
| Abstract: | Solar energy conversion into electricity by photovoltaic modules is now a mature technology. We discuss the need for materials and device developments using conventional silicon and other materials, pointing to the need to use scalable materials and to reduce the energy payback time. Storage of solar energy can be achieved using the energy of light to produce a fuel. We discuss how this can be achieved in a direct process mimicking the photosynthetic processes, using synthetic organic, inorganic, or hybrid materials for light collection and catalysis. We also briefly discuss challenges and needs for large-scale implementation of direct solar fuel technologies. |
| Keywords: | Land use change Human–environmental systems Drivers Impacts Meta-analysis Systematic review |
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