我国环境空气颗粒物质量基准研究框架及研究体系的构建

空气颗粒物来源广泛、组成复杂,我国目前尚未有一套基于完整科学理论和足量实测数据支持的颗粒物基准体系,导致其来源、暴露水平、健康和环境风险信息量不足,相关标准制、修订的依据不足. 解析了美国环境空气质量管理的模式,并追踪了美国基准文件的发布历程和世界卫生组织导则值的发布和修订历程. 辨析了环境空气颗粒物质量基准与标准的内涵,分析了空气颗粒物质量基准研究对环境空气质量标准制/修订的支撑作用. 综合国外环境基准体系框架构成和已有研究成果,结合国内空气颗粒物质量基准研究现状和存在的问题,基于“污染源—环境空气浓度—暴露水平与剂量—健康/环境效应与风险”的各环节研究方法与目标,提出了“2-4-4”基准研究框架体系,即颗粒物质量基准研究包括空气颗粒物人体健康基准和空气颗粒物环境效应基准两部分,其中人体健康基准包括颗粒物污染特征与来源解析、个体暴露、剂量-效应关系及人体健康效应四部分,空气颗粒物环境效应基准包括颗粒物对生态系统、能见度、建筑物和材料、气候的影响四部分. 建议我国应开展大气污染健康影响前瞻性队列研究和对生态环境影响研究,采用多种方法,包括近期发展的暴露组学方法,系统研究空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5载带的有毒有害组分对公众健康的危害和风险；基于我国人群或区域调查结果,建立我国空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5环境质量基准体系,定期发布质量基准文件. 

Framework and Research System for Determining Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter in China

The lack of a comprehensive and scientifically-based air quality criteria document hampers the ability to revise the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter (PM) in China. The components of air quality management (AQM), as well as air quality criteria (AQC) and their use in supporting the NAAQS are detailed in the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA). This paper summarizes the U.S. AQM model as outlined in the CAA, and the process of utilizing AQC in the development of the Integrated Scientific Assessment for PM, which provides a scientific basis for the NAAQS and any revisions. Also, the development of the air quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) is summarized. Based on analysis of the current situation, and prompted by the urgent need for criteria to support PM standards in China, a “2-4-4” framework for research on atmospheric PM criteria is presented, and the potential difficulties and problems that may be encountered are described. The “2” signifies the criteria for human health and environmental effects. For human health criteria, the “4” includes the pollution characteristics and source apportionment of particulate matter, personal exposure, dose-response and human health effects. For environmental effects criteria, the “4” includes particulate matter effects on ecosystems, visibility, materials and climate. The “4-4” signifies research on four components of criteria, with each part having a corresponding methodology and a set of research objectives. The authors suggest that a long-term cohort study in typical areas, systematically researching the potential harms and risks of hazardous compositions associated with PM_2.5, should be developed as a priority in China. Based on the results of subpopulation or regional investigations, Chinese air quality criteria for PM_2.5, which solicit public opinion and are supported by the regular release of relative documents, should also be established.