Modeling the surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia |
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| Authors: | RJ Wichink Kruit WAJ van Pul FJ Sauter M van den Broek E Nemitz MA Sutton M Krol AAM Holtslag |
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| Institution: | 1. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;2. Department of Meteorology and Air Quality, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Postbus 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK;4. Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht (IMAU), Postbus 80000, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3121, Australia;2. CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;1. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;2. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia;4. Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe, AB, Canada;1. University of Milan, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;2. INRA, UMR INRA, AgroParisTech Environnement et Grandes Cultures, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France;3. Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, via C. Ulpiani 5, 70125 Bari, Italy |
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| Abstract: | New parameterizations for surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia are presented for application in atmospheric transport models and compared with parameterizations of the literature. The new parameterizations are based on a combination of the results of three years of ammonia flux measurements over a grassland canopy (dominated by Lolium perenne and Poa trivialis) near Wageningen, the Netherlands and existing parameterizations from literature. First, a model for the surface–atmosphere exchange of ammonia that includes the concentration at the external leaf surface is derived and validated. Second, a parameterization for the stomatal compensation point (expressed as Γs, the ratio of NH4+]/H+] in the leaf apoplast) that accounts for the observed seasonal variation is derived from the measurements. The new, temperature-dependent Γs describes the observed seasonal behavior very well. It is noted, however, that senescence of plants and field management practices will also influence the seasonal variation of Γs on a shorter timescale. Finally, a relation that links Γs to the atmospheric pollution level of the location through the ‘long-term’ NH3 concentration in the air is proposed. |
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