Characterisation and source apportionment of fine particulate sources at Hanoi from 2001 to 2008 |
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| Authors: | David D Cohen Jagoda Crawford Eduard Stelcer Vuong Thu Bac |
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| Institution: | 1. Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, PMB1, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia;2. Institute of Nuclear Sciences and Technology, PO Box 5T-160, Hanoi, Viet Nam;1. Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Achaia, Greece;2. E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece;3. Nuclear Science and Instrumentation Laboratory (NSIL), International Atomic Energy Agency, 2400 Seibersdorf, Austria;4. Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia;1. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;2. Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA;4. China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & Environmental Standards Institute, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China;5. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China;6. CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China;1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China;2. Heze Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Heze, 274000, China;1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110 012, India;2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India |
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| Abstract: | PM2.5 particulate matter has been collected on Teflon filters every Sunday and Wednesday at Hanoi, Vietnam for nearly eight years from April 2001 to December 2008. These filters have been analysed for over 21 different chemical species from hydrogen to lead by ion beam analysis techniques. This is the first long term PM2.5 dataset for this region. The average PM2.5 mass for the study period was (54 ± 33) μg m?3, well above the current US EPA health goal of 15 μg m?3. The average PM2.5 composition was found to be (29 ± 8)% ammonium sulfate, (8.9 ± 3.3)% soil, (28 ± 11)% organic matter, (0.6 ± 1.4)% salt and (9.2 ± 2.8)% black carbon. The remaining missing mass (25%) was mainly nitrates and absorbed water. Positive matrix factorisation techniques identified the major source contributions to the fine mass as automobiles and transport (40 ± 10)%, windblown soil (3.4 ± 2)%, secondary sulfates (7.8 ± 10)%, smoke from biomass burning (13 ± 6)%, ferrous and cement industries (19 ± 8)%, and coal combustion (17 ± 7)% during the 8 year study period. |
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