Temperature and air velocity effects on ethanol emission from corn silage with the characteristics of an exposed silo face |
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| Authors: | Felipe Montes Sasha D Hafner C Alan Rotz Frank M Mitloehner |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Building 3702, Curtin Road, University Park, PA 16082-3702, USA;2. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;1. College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, 100083 Beijing, China;2. National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, 100097 Beijing, China;3. Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States;4. Department of Agricultural Engineering, The University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;1. College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 100083 Beijing, China;2. Department of Agricultural Engineering, The University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;1. Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy;2. Dept. of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, via S. C. de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;1. College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China;2. School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;3. Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Parlier, CA, 93648, United States;4. Department of Agricultural Engineering, The University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany;5. National Research Center of Intelligent Equipment for Agriculture, 100097, Beijing, China;6. Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, The University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany;1. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA;2. Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA;3. School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from agricultural sources are believed to be an important contributor to tropospheric ozone in some locations. Recent research suggests that silage is a major source of VOCs emitted from agriculture, but only limited data exist on silage emissions. Ethanol is the most abundant VOC emitted from corn silage; therefore, ethanol was used as a representative compound to characterize the pattern of emission over time and to quantify the effect of air velocity and temperature on emission rate. Ethanol emission was measured from corn silage samples removed intact from a bunker silo. Emission rate was monitored over 12 h for a range in air velocity (0.05, 0.5, and 5 m s?1) and temperature (5, 20, and 35 °C) using a wind tunnel system. Ethanol flux ranged from 0.47 to 210 g m?2 h?1 and 12 h cumulative emission ranged from 8.5 to 260 g m?2. Ethanol flux was highly dependent on exposure time, declining rapidly over the first hour and then continuing to decline more slowly over the duration of the 12 h trials. The 12 h cumulative emission increased by a factor of three with a 30 °C increase in temperature and by a factor of nine with a 100-fold increase in air velocity. Effects of air velocity, temperature, and air-filled porosity were generally consistent with a conceptual model of VOC emission from silage. Exposure duration, temperature, and air velocity should be taken into consideration when measuring emission rates of VOCs from silage, so emission rate data obtained from studies that utilize low air flow methods are not likely representative of field conditions. |
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