Five years of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde monitoring in the Rio de Janeiro downtown area – Brazil |
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| Authors: | Sergio Machado Corrêa Graciela Arbilla Eduardo Monteiro Martins Simone Lorena Quitério Claudinei de Souza Guimarães Luciana Vanni Gatti |
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| Institution: | 1. State University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Technology, Rod. Pres. Dutra km 298, Polo Industrial, 27523-000 Resende, Brazil;2. State University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Engineering, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;3. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Chemistry Institute, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;5. Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil;1. College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;2. Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;1. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Rio de Janeiro State University, 27537-000, Resende, RJ, Brazil;1. Rio de Janeiro Federal University, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Rio de Janeiro State University, 27537-000, Resende, RJ, Brazil;3. Veiga de Almeida University, 20271-020, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Materials Chemistry, Environmental and Organic (LQMAO), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Rua Rodolfo Teófilo 200, Centro, CEP: 62800-000 Aracati, Ceará, Brazil;2. Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;3. Undergraduate Course of Environmental Science (Ciências Ambientais/UFC) – Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;4. Laboratory of Analysis Trace (LAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil;5. Earth Observation Laboratory (EOL), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, 60165-081 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The fuel matrix used in Brazil is unique around the world. The intensive use of hydrated ethanol, gasohol (gasoline with 25% v/v of ethanol), compressed natural gas (CNG), and biodiesel leads to a peculiar composition of the urban atmosphere. From 1998 to 2002 an increase in formaldehyde levels was observed and since then, a reduction. This work presents a monitoring campaign that was executed from March 2004 to February 2009 by sampling at early morning on every sunny Wednesday for a total of 183 samples. The results indicate a strong reduction in formaldehyde levels from 2004 (average of 135.8 μg m?3 with SD 28.4 μg m?3) to 2009 (average of 49.3 μg m?3 with SD 27.4 μg m?3). The levels of acetaldehyde showed a slight reduction from 2004 (average of 34.9 μg m?3 with SD 8.0 μg m?3) to 2009 (average of 26.8 μg m?3 with SD 11.5 μg m?3). Comparing the results with the concurrent evolution of the fleet and of fuel composition indicates that the observed formaldehyde levels could be associated with the increase in ethanol use and in CNG use by engines with improved technology over the first converted CNG engines. Modelling studies using the OZIPR trajectory model and the SAPRC chemical mechanism indicate that formaldehyde is the main ozone precursor in Rio de Janeiro and acetaldehyde is the forth one. |
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