生态规律在环境管理中的作用--略论现代环境管理的发展趋势

自然界是个生命生生不息的与物质循环不已的再生系统,环境是人类和生物生存的空间,在此空间内充满着多种不同结构和运动状态的物质,其中包含有生命的有机体和无生命的无机物,有人类赖以生存的水、气、光和营养物等基本因素,亦有侵害人体健康的生物和非生物,彼此结合或相互排斥.人类在长期进化过程中,一方面产生了适应环境变化的生存机能,同时人类活动亦不断地作用于环境,受人类影响的环境又反转来作用人类.

THE FUNCTION OF ECOLOGICAL RULES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

This paper deals with a brief discussion on ecological rules of ecosystem which can be used in the design of environmental management. The relationship between ecological rules and economic principles has also been compared correspondingly. Ecosystems act as functional unit of biosphere constructed by the biotic community and the geographical environment under the effect of climatic factors. Regeneration which is of transformation between inorganic materials and organisms is the basic function of ecosystems themselves. During the developing process of ecosystem, there are two stages with economic significance, as the stage of maximum net productivity and the stage of equilibrium of the whole system. Both of these two stages consist of the regulating process between structure and function as well as the distributing mechanism of material and energy conforming with economic principle.On the basis of simplified optimal structure, to promote the efficiencies of material circulation and energy transformation which may result in increase of net productivity of the systems will be the functional process that may be applied simulately in the management systems of industry and agriculture. On the other hand, to maintain stability of material and energy flow in the metabolic process of the systems by regulating structure and function will be the essential in modeling the systems of environmental protection.The compartmental model of social-economic-ecosyste m as shown in Fig. 2 is a combination of complex systems of industry, agriculture and natural ecosystem which has connections with characteristics of above-mentioned two important stages. In order to meet requirement of production system of industry or agriculture, it is the highest productivity, but for the whole complex system it ought to regulate the sub-systems to facilitate the whole system going to be stable. Such type of system may be named as social-economic-ecological compound system which combines natural open system with artificial closing cyclic systems. When looking forward to the future, it is possibly the model of environmental management which suits and fits to the modern economic society with high-speed developing potentiality.