Geochemical position of Pb,Zn and Cd in soils near the Olkusz mine/smelter,South Poland: effects of land use,type of contamination and distance from pollution source |
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Authors: | Vladislav Chrastný Ale? Vaněk Leslaw Teper Jerzy Cabala Jan Procházka Libor Pechar Petr Drahota Vít Pení?ek Michael Komárek Martin Novák |
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Institution: | 1.Czech Geological Survey,Praha 5,Czech Republic;2.Faculty of Agriculture,University of South Bohemia,?eské Budějovice,Czech Republic;3.Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague,Praha 6,Czech Republic;4.Faculty of Earth Sciences,University of Silesia,Sosnowiec,Poland;5.Applied Ecology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture,University of South Bohemia,?eské Budějovice,Czech Republic;6.Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources,Charles University,Praha 2,Czech Republic;7.Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition,Czech University of Life Sciences Prague,Praha 6,Czech Republic |
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Abstract: | The soils adjacent to an area of historical mining, ore processing and smelting activities reflects the historical background
and a mixing of recent contamination sources. The main anthropogenic sources of metals can be connected with historical and
recent mine wastes, direct atmospheric deposition from mining and smelting processes and dust particles originating from open
tailings ponds. Contaminated agriculture and forest soil samples with mining and smelting related pollutants were collected
at different distances from the source of emission in the Pb–Zn–Ag mining area near Olkusz, Upper Silesia to (a) compare the
chemical speciation of metals in agriculture and forest soils situated at the same distance from the point source of pollution
(paired sampling design), (b) to evaluate the relationship between the distance from the polluter and the retention of the
metals in the soil, (c) to describe mineralogy transformation of anthropogenic soil particles in the soils, and (d) to assess
the effect of deposited fly ash vs. dumped mining/smelting waste on the mobility and bioavailability of metals in the soil.
Forest soils are much more affected with smelting processes than agriculture soils. However, agriculture soils suffer from
the downward metal migration more than the forest soils. The maximum concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were detected in a forest
soil profile near the smelter and reached about 25 g kg − 1, 20 g kg − 1 and 200 mg kg − 1 for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. The metal pollutants from smelting processes are less stable under slightly alkaline soil
pH then acidic due to the metal carbonates precipitation. Metal mobility ranges in the studied forest soils are as follows:
Pb > Zn ≈ Cd for relatively circum-neutral soil pH (near the smelter), Cd > Zn > Pb for acidic soils (further from the smelter).
Under relatively comparable pH conditions, the main soil properties influencing metal migration are total organic carbon and
cation exchange capacity. The mobilization of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils depends on the persistence of the metal-containing particles
in the atmosphere; the longer the time, the more abundant the stable forms. The dumped mining/smelting waste is less risk
of easily mobilizable metal forms, however, downward metal migration especially due to the periodical leaching of the waste
was observed. |
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