Inter-male competition for high-quality host-plants: the evolution of protandry in a territorial grasshopper

Summary Males of the desert grasshopper Ligurotettix coquilletti typically eclose 3–5 weeks prior to females. Early-eclosed males experience more female encounters than the later-eclosed individuals. Evidence suggests that the number of encounters may be proportional to male lifetime mating success. Early-eclosed males enjoyed greater adult lifespans, occupied and defended higher quality territories (Larrea shrubs), and tended to be dominant on these shrubs if several males were present. The elevated number of female encounters were not conferred on early-eclosed males by their extended survivorship, but rather by the high quality of their territories, which retained numerous females, and their dominant behavior. We evaluate several female-benefit and male-benefit hypotheses for the evolution of protandry and propose that in L. coquilletti, the phenomenon arose due to male-male competition for female-encounter sites, a mechanism not considered in earlier models. Finally, we discuss several reasons for the high variance in the date of male eclosion.