制约地震紧急救灾效果的关键因素与改进途径

紧急救灾是减轻地震人员伤亡的重要措施.震后半小时内、第1天、第2、3天救出人员的存活率明显不同,分别把这3个时段称为地震紧急救灾的第1、第2、第3有效时间.决定救出时间的第1因素为救灾队伍到达现场的时间,第2因素为救灾技术.但因"第2因素"最终还需依赖"第1因素"才能发挥作用,所以"第1因素"最为关键."第1因素"的第1制约条件为救援者与现场的距离;第2制约为交通条件与救灾调度、交通管理技术,第3制约为救灾指挥与实施者的反应速度与反应能力.且救出时间的第1与第2决定因素都受动力、物质、环境条件的制约.因此,应结合救灾调度设计,有重点地强化交通网、水、电、等生命线工程;科学地定点储备城市救灾物质、设备与技术力量;增强居民的防灾、救灾意识与技术能力;防止次生灾害危险源可能造成的破坏;加强指挥机构的应急反应能力与决策合理性;减小决策失误风险;实施救灾指挥预备.

The Key Factors of Restricting the Effect of Earthquake Emergency Rescue and the Improvement Measures

Emergency rescue is an important measure for decreasing earthquake casualty.In a half hour,the first day,the second and the third day after an earthquake,survival rate of rescued people are obvious difference.Thus,those 3 periods are defined as the first,second,and third effective rescue time.The first and second factors deciding rescue times respectively are arriving time of rescuer and rescue technique.The second factor,however,depends on the first one.therefore the first factor is crucial.The first restriction of the first factor is the distance between rescuer and the earthquake site;the second one is traffic condition,and rescue dispatch and route design technique.The third one is reactivity ability of commander and rescuers.Besides all deciding factors of rescue time is under the restriction of power,materials,and environment.Thereby it is essential to strengthen lifeline engineering and scientifically reserve rescue material,equipment and technical strength,enhance residents' consciousness and ability of disaster prevention and rescue,prevent secondary disasters,improve the ability in emergency response and decision-making rationality of command,decrease the risk of decision-making misplay and perform rescue command preparation.