中国传统民居建筑风貌地域分异特征与形成机理

保护传统村镇是新型城镇化的重要任务之一,而作为物质文化遗产和文化基因的民居建筑是传统村镇传统风貌的主体,缺失传统民居建筑的传统村镇就失去了文化遗产传承的载体。以全国代表性建筑景观特色型村镇为案例,分析传统村落建筑风貌地域分异特征,进而探究其地域分异的影响机理。研究发现：首先,中国传统民居建筑风貌主要分为12种类型,由此形成的建筑风貌区在空间分布上南北差异明显,北方建筑风貌区呈大小两个片区分布,而南方呈两条带状分布。其次,从聚落环境、空间布局、造型风格、建筑材料和细部装饰等五方面反映出中国传统民居建筑风貌的地域分异明显。第三,自然环境因素（包括地貌/水系、气候、植材/土石等）是形成传统民居建筑风貌地域分异的基石;宗法伦理、风水观念及民族文化等人文因素是地域分异的内动力;而人口迁移、战争防御和商贸经济等人文因素是地域分异的外推力。

The characteristic of regional differentiation and impact mechanism of architecture style of traditional residence

The protection of traditional villages and towns is one of the important tasks of new-type urbanization. However, the residential buildings that are tangible cultural heritage and cultural genes are the mainstay of traditional feature in traditional villages and towns, and the traditional villages and towns would have lost the carrier of the inheritance of cultural heritage, if their traditional residential buildings were missing. In this paper, we take the representative architectural landscape characteristic towns and villages as study cases to analyze their regional differentiation of architecture style, and explore the impact mechanism of their regional differentiation of architecture style. The study found that, firstly, there are 12 types of architecture style in Chinese traditional dwellings. The resulting architectural feature areas show that there are obvious differences in spatial distribution between north and south. The northern architectural feature area is divided into two sections with different sizes, and the southern architectural feature area has two "string of pearls" distribution. Secondly, there are obvious regional differentiations in the characteristic of Chinese traditional residential architecture in 5 aspects, namely, settlement environment, spatial layout, modeling style, building materials and detail decoration. Thirdly, from the impact mechanism of architecture style regional differentiation of Chinese traditional residential buildings, the natural environmental factors (including topography, landform, water system, climate, planting material, earth and stone) are the cornerstone of the formation of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as the patriarchal ethics, fengshui concept and ethnic culture are the internal impetus of the architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence. The cultural factors such as population migration, war defense and business economy are the extrapolation forces of architecture style regional differentiation of traditional residence.