跨国界流域内上下游国家权利与义务分析

跨国界水资源利用和保护在经历了100多年的发展,从早期的处理边界、航运及渔业问题,到近期更多地关注跨界水资源的水量分配、污染控制、洪水控制等,相关国际条约也不断在其规定的权利和义务上取得完善和发展.我国涉及的跨界水资源利用主要分布在东北、西北和西南流域.目前我国与哈萨克斯坦开展跨界水合作已成为重点议题.本文主要从国际条法、国际经验、中俄跨界水保护合作三方面分析了跨国界流域内上下游国家的权利和义务.主要研究结论和建议如下:第一,上游国家主要强调国家主权,下游国家则强调国际义务；第二,已有国际条约规定的跨国界流域内各国的权利和义务较多,但具体落实这些义务并不容易；第三,国际实践表明,跨国界流域上下游国家之间的具体合作模式要根据国家实力对比及利益博弈关系确定,并以国家整体利益最大化为原则；第四,我国没有签署有关跨界河流的多边条约,故不受其约束,但这些条约对于跨界水双边合作协定的制定有重要影响.

Analysis of Rights and Obligations of Upstream and Downstream Countries in Transboundary Basin

In recent 100 years,transboundary water cooperation has changed the focuses from earlier problems of boundary,shipping and fishery to recent issues related to water allocation,pollution control and flood control.Relevant international treaties are also improved and developed in field of right and obligation.In China,transboundary waters mainly locate in the northeast,northwest and southwest valleys.Presently,transboundary water cooperation becomes the key issue under discussion between our country and Republic of Kazakhstan.On the basis of international laws,international experiences and China-Russia cooperation for protecting transboundary water,this article analyzes the rights and obligations of upstream and downstream countries in transboundary basin.The main conclusions and recommendations are as follows: 1.The upstream countries often focus on national sovereignty,while the downstream countries emphasize international obligations.2.It is difficult for the countries in transboundary basin to implement the rights and obligations stipulated by international laws.Cooperation of water pollution emergency response is developed among these countries,while the measures of pollution prevention and control are separately drawn up according to their own conditions.3.International practice shows that,the cooperation mode between upstream and downstream countries should be fixed based on national powers and the relationship between the interests of the game.Also,the principle of maximizing overall national benefit should be complied with.4.Although China has not signed any multilateral treaty that concerns transboundary water,the important impact that these treaties impose on establishing bilateral cooperation still exist.