Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends |
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Authors: | Khamphe Phoungthong Surajit Tekasakul Perapong Tekasakul Gumpon Prateepchaikul Naret Jindapetch Masami Furuuchi and Mitsuhiko Hata |
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Institution: | Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;Energy Technology Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (EHWM) Southern Consortium Universities at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;Energy Technology Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;National Center of Excellence for Environmental and Hazardous Waste Management (EHWM) Southern Consortium Universities at Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;Energy Technology Research Center and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1162, Japan;Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1162, Japan |
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Abstract: | Mixed crude palm oil (MCPO), the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil, has become of great interest as a renewable energy source. It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits. In the present work, the degummed, deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage. The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler. The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10, 2.5 and 1 μm, while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1 μm. Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles (< 1 μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs (4–6 aromatic rings), especially pyrene. The mass median diameter, PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content, but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased. In addition, Commercial petroleum diesel (PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent (BaPeq) for all particle size ranges. As the palm oil was increased, the BaPeq decreased gradually. Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute. |
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Keywords: | mixed crude palm oil palm oil blend agricultural diesel engine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon particulate matter |
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