Potential of solar domestic hot water systems in rural areas for greenhouse gas emission reduction in Poland

Application of solar energy for preparing domestic hot water is one of the easiest methods of utilization of this energy. At least part of the needs for warm tap water could be covered by solar systems. At present, mainly coal is used for water heating at dwellings in rural areas in Poland. Warm tap water consumption will increase significantly in the future as standards of living are improved. This can result in the growth of electricity use and an increase in primary fuel consumption. Present and future methods of warm sanitary water generation in rural areas in Poland is discussed, and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are estimated. It is predicted that the emission of CO₂ and NOx will increase. The emission of CO and CH₄ will decrease because of changes in the structure of the final energy carriers used. The economic and market potentials of solar energy for preparing warm water in rural areas are discussed. It is estimated that solar systems can meet 30%–45% of the energy demand for warm water generation in rural areas at a reasonable cost, with a corresponding CO₂ emission reduction. The rate of realization of the economic potential of solar water heaters depends on subsidies for the installation of equipment.