中国环境保护相关电价政策效应与资金机制

本文从电价政策优化视角，分析了环保电价与可再生能源电价的目标、补贴率变化，首次核算了两类政策的资金总额，对比评估了两类政策的资金规模、微观作用机制、资金机制和决策机制.结果发现，环保电价长年稳定，为燃煤发电行业污染治理资金提供了稳定预期，实现了污染物的快速减排；可再生能源上网标杆电价多次下调，激励企业技术进步的同时，助长了企业投机行为.微观作用机制上，环保电价刺激了燃煤发电企业治污技术进步、企业私人成本下降，但社会承担了较高的污染治理成本；而可再生能源电价政策促进了发电社会成本的下降.可再生能源电价资金传导机制更为刚性，但存在附加征收率不高、资金缺口大等问题，政策设计未做到激励相容.2015年环保电价与可再生能源电价补贴资金总额分别为767.97亿元（不含税）和429.1亿元（供给侧）.环保电价资金总额超过可再生能源电价资金总额，强化了燃煤发电成本优势，制约了可再生能源发展，不利于电力结构的清洁化.

Policy effect and funding mechanism of environmental related electricity pricing in China

From the perspective of policy optimization of power industry pricing, the objectives, subsidy rates, and total subsidy funds of two kinds of environmental related feed-in tariffs were examined in this paper. Comparisons in terms of subsidy scale, micro-mechanism, sources of funding, and decision-making mechanism were further discussed. The results showed that, the unadjusted environmental protection price provided stable expectation of rich pollution control fund of thermal power industry, while the reductions of renewable energy pricemotivated technological innovation as well as speculation. As for the micro-mechanism, environmental protection price encouraged the technology innovation of pollution control and reduced the private cost of thermal power industry. However, it also transferred emission reduction costs to the whole society by adding substantial costs. By contrast, the renewable energy price promoted the decrease of social cost of power generation. Although the transmission mechanism of renewable energy subsidy funds was more rigid, some obstacles still emerged, such as low additional levy rate, large fund gap, and incompatibility of policy design. In 2015, the total subsidy funds for environmental protection price and renewable energy price were 76.797 billion yuan (excluding tax) and 42.91billion yuan (supply side),respectively.The total funds of environmental protection price exceeded the subsidy of renewable energy, which further consolidated the cost advantage of thermal power. The subsidy structure restricted the development of renewable energy as inconducive to the cleanliness of power structure.