Detection,occurrence and fate of 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals in psychiatric hospital and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing,China |
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Authors: | Shengliu Yuan Xiaoman Jiang Xinghui Xia Haixia Zhang Shaokui Zheng |
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Institution: | 1. School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China |
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Abstract: | The liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS) method coupled with an automated solid-phase extraction procedure has been developed to identify 22 psychiatric pharmaceuticals, including seven anxiolytic-sedative-hypnotics, six antidepressants, and nine anti-schizophrenia drugs, in wastewater samples from two psychiatric hospital wastewater treatment plants (P-WWTPs) and three municipal wastewater treatment plants (M-WWTPs) in Beijing, China. Analyte recoveries from spiking experiments in the WWTP influent and effluent at three concentrations ranged from 70% to 110%, excluding sulpiride, ziprasidone, and olanzapine. Method detection limits for five, eight, and nine analytes in the WWTP influent and effluent were 20–80, 1–16, and <1 ng L?1, respectively. High psychiatric pharmaceutical concentrations (e.g., ~942 ng L?1oxazepam, 5552–12,782 ng L?1 clozapine, 2762–9832 ng L?1sulpiride, and 2030–4967 ng L?1quetiapine) were frequently observed in P-WWTP influent compared to M-WWTPs. Although P-WWTPs typically had higher removal rates, significantly higher concentrations of the target compounds were observed in the P-WWTP secondary effluent than in the M-WWTP influent (e.g., ~752 ng L?1oxazepam, ~8183 ng L?1 clozapine, ~10,833 ng L?1sulpiride, and ~1168 ng L?1quetiapine). Thus, the discharge control of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from psychiatric hospitals requires improvement. |
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