Measurement and health risk assessment of PM2.5, flame retardants,carbonyls and black carbon in indoor and outdoor air in kindergartens in Hong Kong |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, China;2. Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China;3. Department of Early Childhood Education, The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong, China;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;1. State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;2. Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute Building, Shenzhen 518057, China;3. Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China;2. Heilongjiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, No. 2, Weixing Road, Daowai District, Harbin 150056, China;3. Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China |
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| Abstract: | Indoor air pollution is closely related to children's health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) transmitted through indoor PM2.5 and dust, along with carbonyl compounds and black carbon (BC) aerosol were analysed in five Hong Kong kindergartens. The results showed that 60% of the median PM2.5 levels (1.3 × 101 to 2.9 × 101 μg/m3 for indoor; 9.5 to 8.8 × 101 μg/m3 for outdoor) in the five kindergartens were higher than the guidelines set by the World Health Organization (2.5 × 101 μg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations were correlated with outdoor PM2.5 in four of the kindergartens. The PBDEs (0.10–0.64 ng/m3 in PM2.5; 0.30–2.0 × 102 ng/g in dust) and DP (0.05–0.10 ng/m3 in PM2.5; 1.3–8.7 ng/g in dust) were detected in 100% of the PM2.5 and dust samples. Fire retardant levels in the air were not correlated with the levels of dust in this study. The median BC concentrations varied by > 7-fold from 8.8 × 102 ng/m? 3 to 6.7 × 103 ng/m? 3 and cooking events might have caused BC concentrations to rise both indoors and outdoors. The total concentrations of 16 carbonyls ranged from 4.7 × 101 μg/m3 to 9.3 × 101 μg/m3 indoors and from 1.9 × 101 μg/m3 to 4.3 × 101 μg/m3 outdoors, whilst formaldehyde was the most abundant air carbonyl. Indoor carbonyl concentrations were correlated with outdoor carbonyls in three kindergartens. The health risk assessment showed that hazard indexes (HIs) HIs of non-cancer risks from PBDEs and DPs were all lower than 0.08, whilst non-cancer HIs of carbonyl compounds ranged from 0.77 to 1.85 indoors and from 0.50 to 0.97 outdoors. The human intake of PBDEs and DP through inhalation of PM2.5 accounted for 78% to 92% of the total intake. The cancer hazard quotients (HQs) of formaldehyde ranged from 4.5E ? 05 to 2.1E ? 04 indoors and from 1.9E ? 05 to 6.2E ? 05 outdoors. In general, the indoor air pollution in the five Hong Kong kindergartens might present adverse effects to children, although different schools showed distinct pollution levels, so indoor air quality might be improved through artificial measures. The data will be useful to developing a feasible management protocol for indoor environments. |
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