Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances through the consumption of fish from lakes affected by aqueous film-forming foam emissions — A combined epidemiological and exposure modeling approach. The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Study |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;2. Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden;3. NILU-Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;4. Centre for Sami Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;5. Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;6. Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;1. College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea;2. Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea;3. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-408, Republic of Korea;4. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;5. Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, Iwate 020-0852, Japan;6. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA;1. Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU — Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;2. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway;4. Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;5. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;1. Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada;2. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;3. Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, 119 King Street West, 9th Floor, Hamilton, ON L8P 4Y7, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Releases of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) from airport firefighting activities have been identified as important local point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in nearby waterways. PFASs can be taken up by fish, and in turn by the humans that consume them. Despite the global extent of AFFF emissions, few studies exist on related impacts on humans. We aimed to investigate the associations between the consumption of fish from AFFF-affected waters and serum PFAS concentrations in humans using a combination of statistical tools, empirical data, and toxicokinetic modeling. Participants of the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Study were the basis for this study sample, which comprised 74 persons. Fifty-nine participants who reported consuming fish from AFFF-affected waters and 15 nonconsumers completed a questionnaire and gave serum samples. Participants were classified based on their consumption of trout and char: high (n = 16), moderate (n = 16), low (n = 27), and nonconsumers (n = 15); and serum samples were tested for the presence of 15 PFASs. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was found in all participants, with the highest concentrations detected in the high consumption group (geometric means, 28 ng/mL) compared to the low consumption group and nonconsumers (10 and 11 ng/mL, respectively). In an analysis of variance contrast model, a significant, positive increasing trend was seen for fish consumption and PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Toxicokinetic modeling allowed us to predict the median increases in serum concentrations of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA among high consumers within a factor of 2.2. The combination of statistical evaluation and toxicokinetic modeling clearly demonstrated a positive relationship between consumption of fish from AFFF-affected waters and serum PFAS concentrations. Further studies on dietary exposure to other PFASs present in AFFF and its consequences on human health are warranted. |
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