From the shop to the drain — Volatile methylsiloxanes in cosmetics and personal care products |
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| Institution: | 1. Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, D-80538 Munich, Germany;2. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway;3. Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Kyungbuk, 790-784, Pohang, Republic of Korea;4. NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;5. Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany;1. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States;2. Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam;3. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;4. Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium;5. Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait;6. Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia;7. Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;8. Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea;9. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan;10. Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna, 800 005, India;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;3. Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light industry, Beijing 100089, China;4. School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China;5. Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China;1. Radboud university medical center, Department for Health Evidence, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;3. Radboud university medical center, Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;4. Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;5. Radboud university medical center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Organosiloxanes are widely used in the formulation of a broad range of cosmetic and personal care products (PCPs), including creams and lotions, bath soaps, shampoo and hair care products to soften, smooth, and moisten. In fact, the intensive and widespread use of organosiloxanes combined with their lipophilic nature, makes them interesting targets for future research, particularly in the toxicology area.This study focused on determining the concentration levels of these compounds in the bestselling brands of PCPs in the Oporto region (Portugal), allowing the estimation of dermal and inhalation exposure to siloxanes and the evaluation of the quantities released to the environment “down-the-drain” and to air. To accomplish this task, a QuEChERS technique (“Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe”) was employed to extract the siloxanes from the target PCPs, which has never been tested before. The resulting extract was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The limits of detection varied between 0.17 (L2) and 3.75 ng g? 1 (L5), being much lower than any values reported in the literature for this kind of products. In general, satisfactory precision (< 10%) and accuracy values (average recovery of 84%) were obtained.123 PCPs were analysed (moisturizers, deodorants, body and hair washes, toilet soaps, toothpastes and shaving products) and volatile methylsiloxanes were detected in 96% of the samples, in concentrations between 0.003 μg g? 1 and 1203 μg g? 1. Shampoo exhibited the highest concentration for cyclic and aftershaves for linear siloxanes. Combining these results with the daily usage amounts, an average daily dermal exposure of 25.04 μg kgbw? 1 day? 1 for adults and 0.35 μg kgbw? 1 day? 1 for baby/children was estimated. The main contributors for adult dermal exposure were body moisturizers, followed by facial creams and aftershaves, while for babies/children were body moisturizers, followed by shower gel and shampoo. Similarly, the average daily inhalation exposure was also estimated. Values of 1.56 μg kgbw? 1 day? 1 for adults and 0.03 μg kgbw? 1 day? 1 for babies/children were calculated. An estimate of the siloxanes amount released “down-the-drain” into the sewage systems through the use of toiletries was also performed. An emission per capita between 49.25 and 9574 μg day? 1 (mean: 1817 μg day? 1) is expected and shampoo and shower gel presented the higher mean total values (1008 μg day? 1 and 473.3 μg day? 1, respectively). In the worst-case scenario, D5 and D3 were the predominant siloxanes in the effluents with 3336 μg day? 1 and 3789 μg day? 1, respectively. Regarding the air emissions per capita, values between 8.33 and 6109 μg day? 1 (mean: 1607 μg day? 1) are expected and D5 and D6 were the predominant siloxanes. |
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