Refining the excretion factors of methadone and codeine for wastewater analysis — Combining data from pharmacokinetic and wastewater studies |
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| Institution: | 1. Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;2. University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;3. University of Tasmania, School of Psychology, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;4. University of Tasmania, Law Faculty, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia;5. University of Queensland, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;1. Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China;2. Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2K6, Canada;3. Beijing Urban Drainage Monitoring Center Co. Ltd., 100012 Beijing, PR China;1. Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain;2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University Antonio Nariño, Colombia;3. Grupo GDCON, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, 70 # 52-21, Medellin, Colombia;1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA — Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. IRCCS — Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy;1. Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China;2. Department of Civil Engineering & Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;3. AMEC Environment and Infrastructure, Montreal, Canada;4. Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;5. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China |
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| Abstract: | Analysing drug residues in wastewater (wastewater analysis) to monitor the consumption of those drugs in the population has become a complementary method to epidemiological surveys. In this method, the excretion factor of a drug (or the percentage of drug metabolites excreted through urine) is a critical parameter for the back-estimation of the consumption of a drug. However, this parameter is usually derived from a small database of human pharmacokinetic studies. This is true for methadone and codeine, the two most commonly used opioids and also common substances of abuse. Therefore, we aimed to refine the current excretion factors used for estimating methadone and codeine by analysing published data from the literature on the excretion of methadone, its main metabolite, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and codeine. Our review included both human drug pharmacokinetic studies and wastewater analysis studies. We found that while the commonly used excretion factor of methadone (~ 27.5%) was relatively accurate, the excretion factor of EDDP, a better biomarker for methadone consumption in sewer epidemiology, should be twice that of methadone (i.e. 55%) instead of the current equal or half values. For codeine, the excretion factor should be ~ 30% instead of 63.5% or 10% as previously used in wastewater analysis studies. Data from wastewater analysis studies could be used in this way to refine the excretion factors of the drugs of interest. |
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