Lipids and fatty acids as indicators of egg condition,larval feeding and maternal effects in Cape hakes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Merluccius paradoxus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">M. capensis</Emphasis>) |
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Authors: | Britta Grote Wilhelm Hagen Marek R Lipinski Hans M Verheye Erling K Stenevik Werner Ekau |
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Institution: | (1) Leibniz Center For Tropical Marine Ecology, 28359 Bremen, Germany;(2) Marine Zoology, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;(3) Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Cape Town, 8012, South Africa;(4) Department of Environmental Affairs, Cape Town, 8002, South Africa;(5) Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa;(6) Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway |
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Abstract: | Cape hakes, Merluccius paradoxus and M. capensis, are important gadoid fish that are commercially harvested in the Benguela Current system off Namibia and South Africa. The
aim of this study was to elucidate the nutritional condition and feeding preferences of their larvae. Hake eggs and larvae
were sampled in austral spring of two consecutive years, 2007 and 2008, off the west coast of South Africa. They were identified
to species using genetics, and total lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition were analysed for each individual egg and
larva to compare the condition of different early life stages of both hake species. Higher abundances of M. paradoxus eggs and larvae were consistently found compared to M. capensis. In both species, eggs contained wax esters (WE) and had significantly higher lipid content per dry mass than larvae. Lipid
content as well as FA composition changed with the developmental stage of larvae. Quantities of essential fatty acid (EFA)
increased with feeding of larvae due to dietary lipid incorporation. In 2007, yolk-sac larvae contained significantly lower
total lipids than in 2008. It is argued that this was due to reduced lipid transfer by the spawning females to the eggs. These
findings indicate that maternal effects are important in determining condition of hake larvae and that this may have an effect
on their survival and subsequent recruitment. |
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Keywords: | |
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