Analysis of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates in vacuum cleaner dust samples in Japan |
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| Institution: | 1. Japan Environment and Children''s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan;2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan;3. The Southern Kyusyu and Okinawa Regional Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan;4. Department of Neonatology, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan;5. Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;6. Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;7. Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan;8. School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has long been an environmental contaminant of concern owing to its potential health risk. However, exposure to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) other than PFOA is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust in Japan to measure the PFCAs contamination in an indoor environment. Most of the 77 samples contained PFCAs with 6–13 carbon atoms. The median concentration of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 23.2 ng g−1) was highest among PFCAs, followed by PFOA (20.8 ng g−1) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, 12.9 ng g−1). The 90th percentile concentrations of PFNA, PFUnDA and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were 948, 283 and 110 ng g−1, respectively, and these were detected at greater concentrations than neighboring, even-numbered PFCAs. The proportion of long-chain PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust from Japan was relatively higher than those reported for other countries. Factor analysis showed three independent factors. Odd-numbered long chain PFCAs (PFNA, PFUnDA and PFTrDA), which can correspond to factor 1, were major components of PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust. Short chain PFCAs (factor 2) and even numbered long chain PFCAs (factor 3) were also statistically separated. These findings suggest that there are several sources of PFCAs with different origins in indoor environment. Further investigations into the origins of PFCAs are needed to evaluate indoor contamination with PFCAs. |
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