民用固体燃料及烹调油烟杂环胺排放及健康风险评价

模拟了典型固体燃料的民用燃烧及家庭烹饪食用油过程，分别采用烟尘罩稀释采样系统和小型烟尘罩采集烟气.利用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定了5种典型致癌杂环胺的排放特征.估算了2012年杂环胺排放量及不同情景下妇女炊事吸入杂环胺的致癌风险.结果表明，秸秆、薪柴、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧2-氨基-3-甲基-9H-吡啶2，3-b]吲哚（MeAaC）排放因子均值为5.2~142.9μg/kg、2-氨基-9H-吡啶2，3-b]吲哚（AaC）排放因子为0.6~37.8μg/kg，2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并4，5-b]吡啶（PhIP）排放因子为1.5~25.9μg/kg.植物油烹调MeAaC和2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并（4，5-f）喹啉（IQ）排放因子均值分别为6.8μg/kg和1.5μg/kg.动物油烹调MeAaC、2-氨基-3，4-二甲基-3H-咪唑并喹啉（MeIQ）和AaC排放因子均值分别为6.2μg/kg、2.0μg/kg和1.1μg/kg.秸秆使用分别占PhIP、MeAaC和AaC 排放的93.0%、76.2%和76.2%.薪柴使用占AaC、MeAaC和PhIP排放的22.1%、7.7%和4.0%.烟煤使用占MeAaC、 PhIP和AaC排放的15.9%、2.8%和1.8%.健康风险评价表明，在缺乏有效排烟的情况下，使用烟煤（哈尔滨）或秸秆炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.60×10^-5和1.84×10^-5，超过EPA建议值.使用薪柴或烟煤（包头）炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.50×10^-6和4.31×10^-6，略高于EPA建议值.使用无烟煤及电能炊事妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险为可忽略水平.

Emission characteristics and health risks assessment of heterocyclic amines from residential solid fuel use and cooking oils fumes

To measure the emission characteristics of heterocyclic amines (HAs) from residential solid fuel use (SFU) and cooking oil fumes (COF), a series of laboratory simulations were conducted. The particulates emitted from SFU were collected by a hood dilution sampling system. The particulates emitted from COF were collected by a small hood system. Five species of HAs were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. For crop residues, firewood, bituminous coal and anthracite coal burning, emission factors (EFs) of MeAaC ranged from 5.2 to 142.9μg/kg, EFs of AaC ranged from 0.6 to 37.8μg/kg, EFs of PhIP ranged from 1.5 to 25.9μg/kg. EFs of MeAaC and IQ from cooking plant oil were 6.8 and 1.5μg/kg. EFs of MeAaC, MeIQ and AaC from cooking animal oil were 6.2, 2.0 and 1.1μg/kg. PhIP, MeAaC and AaC emitted from crop residues burning accounted for 93.0%, 76.2% and 76.2% of total rural emissions. AaC, MeAaC and PhIP emitted from firewood burning accounted for 22.1%, 7.7% and 4.0%. MeAaC, PhIP and AaC emitted from residential bituminous coal use accounted for 15.9%, 2.8% and 1.8%. Under no effective smoke extraction conditions, the total excessive risk of cancer for rural women after exposing to HAs from bituminous coal (Harbin) and crop residues burning were 4.60×10^-5 and 1.84×10^-5, which exceeded EPA's recommend value of 10^-6. The risk of exposing to HAs from bituminous coal (Baotou) and firewood burning were 4.50×10^-6 and 4.31×10^-6, which were relatively higher than EPA's recommend value. The total excessive risk of cancer were negligible when using anthracite coal and electricity for cooking.