丹江口库区化肥施用控制与农田生态补偿标准

为保护丹江口水库水质,减少氮、磷流入水体,可考虑以生态补偿方式鼓励农民将部分土地休耕或退耕。利用样本调查的农户微观数据,估计了丹江口库区主要农作物小麦、玉米、水稻产量与化肥施用量的经验函数,计算了库区农田平均生态补偿标准。结果是:基于2008年的生产条件、技术水平和市场价格,种植小麦须补偿259.69元/亩,玉米须补偿331.64元/亩,水稻须补偿567.31元/亩。为减少补偿过程中的政府强制行为和信息租金,可考虑将农户土地按历年产量进行评估后分成多个等级,每一等级支付该等级土地最高净收益。本文将每亩作物净收益即每亩劳动收入和地租作为农田生态补偿标准,这一计算标准是基于农民遭受的损失,属于保留效用,是农民谈判的起点。如果南水北调中线工程是有利可图的,可进一步将工程的部分净收益分配给维护生态系统、保护水质的库区农民,具体分配的份额则取决于当地农民的谈判力。

Control of Chemical Fertilizer Application and Eco-compensation Standard of Croplands in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area

For protecting Danjiangkou Reservoir water from being polluted by too much nitrogen and phosphor,eco-compensation can be used to encourage farmers to fallow parts of lands or return them to forest.By using micro data of rural households from questionnaire,this paper estimates the empirical functional relation between the output of major crops like wheat,corn and rice and chemical fertilizer application in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area,and computes the average eco-compensation standard of croplands.The results are as follows: Based on production conditions,technologies and market prices of 2008,wheat land,corn land,and paddy field per mu(1 ha=15 mu)should be compensated 259.69,331.64,and 567.31 Yuan(RMB) on average respectively.To reduce the government’s coercion and information rent in compensation,we suggest that farmers’ land can be further graded in terms of output through past several years,and lands of the same grade can be paid the highest net income of that grade.The paper takes net income of crops,namely the labor income and land rent per mu,as eco-compensation standard of croplands.This compensation standard is based on farmers’ loss.It belongs to reserve utility and is just a jumping-off point of farmers’ negotiation.If the middle route project of transferring water from south to north is profitable,parts of net income of the project can be further distributed to the farmers who maintain ecosystem and protect water quality in reservoir area.The real distributive share depends on farmers’ negotiation power.