农户分化视角下农民退出宅基地集中居住后的福利水平研究

测算农户分化背景下农民退出宅基地实现集中居住后的福利水平,对保障新型城镇化进程中农户对土地福利补偿的差别化需求具有重要意义。基于2018年已完成宅基地退出的扬州市公道镇获取的242份农户调查数据,运用模糊综合评价法实证分析退出宅基地实现集中居住对不同分化特征农户福利水平产生的影响差异。结果表明:(1)农民退出宅基地集中居住后福利总模糊指数为0.584,福利状况较好;家庭经济状况和社会保障状况是影响农户福利水平的主要因素,养老保障及房屋质量是现阶段农户关注的焦点。(2)集中居住对不同分化特征农户的福利影响存在差异。职业分化特征下,农户分化程度越高,福利状况越好;经济分化特征下,农户福利水平呈"先升后降"趋势。(3)集中居住对不同分化特征农户各功能性活动的福利影响存在差异。农户职业分化及经济分化程度越高,其家庭经济状况越好;职业分化Ⅰ类及经济分化低收入农户社会保障水平较低,而高收入农户对社会保障有更高的受偿需求;集中居住对于各类型农户社会机会、居住条件及景观环境方面造成的影响差异不显著。因此,地方政府应当充分考虑不同类型农户的受偿需求,尽快建立包括养老、医疗等社会保障在内的弹性福利补偿体系,提升农户人力资本以实现可持续生计,且从构成农户福利的各功能性活动方面对各类型农民群体进行细致化补偿,结合农户分化特点促进农民非农就业,满足农户就业与收入的城镇化核心需求。

Study on the Welfare Level of Farmers’ Exiting from Homestead and Living in Concentration from the Perspective of Farmers’ Differentiation

Abstract：It is important to measure the welfare level of farmers after they have withdrawn from their homesteads to achieve centralized living in the context of farmers’ differentiation, which is necessary to ensure the differential needs of farmers in the process of new urbanization. Based on the 242 survey data of farmers surveyed in Gongdao Town, Yangzhou City, which has completed the exit of the homestead in 2018, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to empirically analyze the difference in the impact of the centralized residence on the welfare level of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. The results show that: (1) The total fuzzy index of welfare after the farmers withdraw from the house site is 0.584, and the welfare status is good. The family economic status and social security status are the main factors affecting the welfare level of the farmers, endowment insurance and housing quality are the focus of attention of farmers at this stage. (2) Concentrated living has different effects on the welfare status of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. Under the characteristics of occupational differentiation, the higher the degree of differentiation of farmers, the better the welfare status; Under the characteristics of economic differentiation, the welfare level of farmers has shown a trend of “first rise and then fall”. (3) There are differences in the welfare effects of concentrated living on the functional activities of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. The higher the level of occupational differentiation and vertical economic differentiation of farmers, the better their family economic status; Occupational differentiation class I and economically differentiated low-income farmers have lower social security levels, while high-income farmers have higher compensation needs for social security; The difference in the impact of concentrated living on social opportunities, living conditions and landscape environment of various types of farmers is not significant. Therefore, local governments should fully consider the compensation needs of different types of farmers, establish a flexible welfare compensation system including social security such as pension and medical care as soon as possible, and improve the human capital of farmers to achieve sustainable livelihoods. And from the various functional activities that constitute the welfare of farmers, the various types of peasant groups are meticulously compensated, combined with the characteristics of farmers’ differentiation to promote non-agricultural employment of farmers, and meet the core urbanization needs of farmers’ employment and income.