上海城市水源战略与水源地保护:格局、问题与展望

上海地处中国东部平原感潮河网地区,水资源总量较为丰富,但随着近年来区域快速的经济发展和城市化进程,河道水质逐渐恶化,水质型缺水现象日趋严重。在深入分析上海市水资源特点及饮用水源地分布格局的基础上发现,区域水资源量来源差异显著,河流水质空间分异明显,黄浦江上游及长江口集中水源地与众多郊区分散水源地并存现象突出;指出当前水源地存在区域发展与上游来水影响黄浦江上游水源有效保护,盐水入侵与污水排放制约长江口水源地充分开发,分散格局与水体污染阻碍郊区水源安全利用等一系列问题;最后,分别提出了具有针对性的两江并举城市水源战略,以及黄浦江上游水源地、长江口水源地的保护策略。

Water Supply Development Strategy and Source Water Area Protection in Shanghai: Patterns, Problems and Prospects

Most Chinese cities in the process of urbanization are going through drinking water crisis,and source water protection is regarded as the first barrier to keep drinking water safe.Shanghai is one of the largest and most important economic centers of China,which is located in tidal river network,and is surrounded with abundant water resources.With rapid urbanization and industrialization,water quality of river network decreased and the water shortage owning to the low water quality appeared recently.The conflict between rapid economic development and source water protection is obvious,and the difficult status of source water area due to poor water quality has been the key limiting factor affecting regional ecological safety and sustainable development.Changjiang Estuary and the upstream of Huangpu River are the main source water areas in Shanghai.And there are many small scale source water areas in the suburbs of Shanghai.Based on the data about water resources and water environment,the characteristics of water resources and source water area distributions are discussed,and the main problems in current water resource utilization,water environmental protection and water supply pattern are identified. The spatial variation and periodic evolvement of water resources and water environmental quality are analyzed.This paper indicated that Shanghai's water supply systems are facing many challenges,and there are some problems in the upstream of Huangpu River,Changjiang Estuary and large numbers of dispersed source water areas in the suburb.Those problems are listed below:(1)regional development and water quality of the upper reaches influenced source water quality of the upstream of Huangpu River;(2)salt water intrusion and pollutant discharge influenced the development of Changjiang Estuary;(3)distributions of waterworks and serious river pollution in the suburbs influenced the safety of drinking water.So a strategic framework of new water supply systems composed of Changjiang Estuary and the upstream of Huangpu River was developed.Some small scale waterworks should be adjusted,and a new reservoir in Changjiang Estuary should be built up.Finally,the upstream of Huangpu River protection strategy based on watershed management and ecosystem management method was proposed,and the Changjiang Estuary protection strategy based on river basin management method and avoiding salt water measure was proposed.