Population frequencies of alternative male phenotypes in tree lizards: geographic variation and common-garden rearing studies |
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| Authors: | Diana K Hews Christopher W Thompson Ignacio T Moore Michael C Moore |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA Fax: (812) 237-4480; e-mail: LSHEWS@scifac.indstate.edu, IN;(2) Burke Museum, DB-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, US;(3) Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, US;(4) Department of Zoology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, US |
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| Abstract: | Tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) vary in throat fan (dewlap) color. Earlier, we described five dewlap types (Orange, Orange-Blue, Yellow, Yellow-Blue, and
Blue), and reported that only males had blue in the dewlap and that presence or absence of a discrete blue patch was correlated
with male alternative reproductive phenotypes in a central Arizona population. Here, with a modified scheme characterizing
two dewlap elements, background color (orange, yellow, blue) and blue patch occurrence, we assessed: (1) sexual, annual, and
geographic variation in the frequencies of dewlap elements; (2) simple habitat correlates; and (3) the effects of laboratory
rearing regime on dewlap type. Within a population, frequencies of males and females expressing orange or yellow backgrounds
did not differ, suggesting that control of background is similar in the sexes. Within several populations, frequencies of
the dewlap elements did not differ across years (and probably generations), indicating that phenotype frequencies are relatively
stable. Among five populations frequencies of background colors varied, as did frequencies of male types (blue patch present
or absent). Dewlap frequencies did not correlate with habitat (boulders or mesquite trees), although few populations were
sampled. In male and female offspring reared from eggs to sexual maturity in a common-garden laboratory study, background
color frequencies in both sexes and blue patch frequencies in males differed among offspring from different populations. Offspring
frequencies matched respective parental population frequencies. Results suggest that among-population variation in frequencies
of the two dewlap elements are mediated by differences in genetics, in maternal effects, or both. Thus, differences in male
behavior functionally linked to the blue patch also may be controlled by genetic or maternal effects.
Received: 17 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 |
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| Keywords: | Alternative male reproductive tactics Color polymorphism Urosaurus ornatus Geographic variation Common-garden analysis |
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