欧盟废物焚烧指令的研究与借鉴

为进一步完善我国废物焚烧标准体系,防控废物焚烧环境风险,本文对欧盟废物焚烧指令与我国焚烧标准体系进行了对比分析。欧盟废物焚烧指令分别对专用焚烧厂和协同焚烧厂从废物运输到处理处置全过程的污染物排放控制做出了相关规定,适用于危险废物和非危险废物的焚烧以及常规污染物和有毒污染物的控制。欧盟废物焚烧指令对不同规模的焚烧设施采用统一标准,以日均值和半小时均值为污染物排放限值,更客观、准确地评价了污染物排放对环境的影响。与欧盟废物焚烧指令相比,我国废物焚烧标准涉及废物联合利用处置的相关条文较少,内容不详,项目缺失。我国烟尘、HCl的排放限值均在欧盟标准限值6倍以上,SO2的排放限值是欧盟标准的4~8倍。除CO、NOx的排放限值外,其他污染物排放限值也明显高于欧盟标准限值。我国采用抽样监测方法,监测结果可能在日常排放值的95%置信区间外,不具备代表性。我国可借鉴欧盟废物焚烧指令的成果制定协同焚烧标准,并严格污染物排放限值,考虑采用日均值或半小时均值的评价方法,提高我国废物焚烧标准的精确性和可执行性。

Comparison Between European Union Waste Incineration Directive and Chinese Solid Waste Incineration Management System

To improve the standards of solid waste incineration management and environmental risk controlling system, the comparison between European Union (EU) and China was studied in this article. The Waste Incineration Directive (WID) is a directive issued by the EU and relates to standards and methodologies required by Europe for the practice and technology of incineration, which illustrated the permit of air emission for incineration plant and co-incineration plant passing through the whole waste treatment process, including delivery, treatment and final disposal. This directive is applied to both incinerations of hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste for controlling the emission of regularly and toxic pollutants. Moreover,the directive requires all scale of plants must follow a set of mandatory unified standards, which hasemission limit value defined by the daily average value and half-hourly average value that could help people to objectively and accurately evaluate the effect of pollutants emitted to environment. Comparing to the EU''s WID, China''s waste incineration standards are not matured and have a shortage in the terms of jointly treatment and reuse of disposal waste. In China, the emission limits of smoke dust and HCl are higher than EU''s directive, while the emission limit of SO₂ is 4-8 times than EU''s. Except CO and NO_x, other contaminants'' emission limits arealso significantly higher than European directives. Besides, the monitoring results obtained by the method of random sampling used in China might be out of the confidence interval. Overall, it was suggested that China could borrow advantages from the EU''s directive and publish more tough restrictions of co-incineration standard, as well as take the daily average values and the half-hourly average values to improve the accuracy and feasibility of incineration standards.