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Sulfur deposition simulations over China, Japan, and Korea: a model intercomparison study for abating sulfur emission |
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| Authors: | Cheol-Hee Kim Lim-Seok Chang Fan Meng Mizuo Kajino Hiromasa Ueda Yuanhang Zhang Hye-Young Son Jong-Jae Lee Youjiang He Jun Xu Keiichi Sato Tatsuya Sakurai Zhiwei Han Lei Duan Jeong-Soo Kim Suk-Jo Lee Chang-Keun Song Soo-Jin Ban Shang-Gyoo Shim Young Sunwoo Tae-Young Lee |
| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea 2. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, 404-170, South Korea 3. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing, 100012, China 4. Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, 305-0052, Japan 5. Toyohashi Institute of Technology, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan 6. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China 7. Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata, 950-2144, Japan 8. Japan NUS Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 108-0022, Japan 9. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 10. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China 11. Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791, South Korea 12. Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Kunkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea 13. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea |
| Abstract: | In response to increasing trends in sulfur deposition in Northeast Asia, three countries in the region (China, Japan, and Korea) agreed to devise abatement strategies. The concepts of critical loads and source?Creceptor (S?CR) relationships provide guidance for formulating such strategies. Based on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project, this study analyzes sulfur deposition data in order to optimize acidic loads over the three countries. The three groups involved in this study carried out a full year (2002) of sulfur deposition modeling over the geographic region spanning the three countries, using three air quality models: MM5-CMAQ, MM5-RAQM, and RAMS-CADM, employed by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean modeling groups, respectively. Each model employed its own meteorological numerical model and model parameters. Only the emission rates for SO2 and NOx obtained from the LTP project were the common parameter used in the three models. Three models revealed some bias from dry to wet deposition, particularly the latter because of the bias in annual precipitation. This finding points to the need for further sensitivity tests of the wet removal rates in association with underlying cloud?Cprecipitation physics and parameterizations. Despite this bias, the annual total (dry plus wet) sulfur deposition predicted by the models were surprisingly very similar. The ensemble average annual total deposition was 7,203.6?±?370 kt S with a minimal mean fractional error (MFE) of 8.95?±?5.24?% and a pattern correlation (PC) of 0.89?C0.93 between the models. This exercise revealed that despite rather poor error scores in comparison with observations, these consistent total deposition values across the three models, based on LTP group's input data assumptions, suggest a plausible S?CR relationship that can be applied to the next task of designing cost-effective emission abatement strategies. |
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