分散剂对海洋溢油归趋行为影响的研究进展

在目前海洋溢油的事故处理中，大规模使用分散剂往往作为应急机制之一。分散剂作用后原油的物理化学性质会发生很大变化，进而对溢油在海洋中的归趋行为产生一系列的影响。本文综合分析了分散剂在溢油处理中的积极作用和局限性:分散剂使溢油在海水中乳化分散，体系混乱度增加，物理迁移过程更加复杂多变；乳化的油滴物理和光学性质发生改变，其中的石油烃组分更加易于发生光化学转化；分散剂会对溢油的生物降解产生影响，但具体是促进还是抑制目前仍然存在争议；化学分散剂存在一定的生物毒性，与溢油结合后毒性增加，环保型的生物表面活性剂是化学分散剂的有效替代。开展分散剂作用后的溢油的物理迁移模型的构建、综合准确评价分散剂对溢油的光化学转化和生物降解的影响为它的合理使用和正确评估提供参考是当前亟待解决的工作。此外，开发廉价的环保型生物分散剂也是未来的重要研究方向。

Research progress of the dispersant effects on the fate behavior of spilled oil in the sea

The large-scale application of the dispersant is often used as an emergency in the current process of dealing with marine oil spill.The physical and chemical properties of dispersed oil are greatly changed compared with original oil, which will have a series of effects on the fate behavior of spilled oil in the sea.This paper analyzes the positive role and limitations of the application of dispersant in accidents of oil spill:The crude oil is emulsified and dispersed into small oil droplets in seawater, which increases the degree of confusion of the system, the physical transport process is more complex; The physical and optical properties of dispersed oil are changed, the photochemical transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons is tended to be more easy; The dispersant will affect the biodegradation of spilled oil, but their facilitating and inhibiting roles are still unclear; Chemical dispersant has biological toxicity, and the toxicity increased when it combined with spilled oil. Environment friendly biosurfactant is an effective alternative to chemical dispersant.Setting up the mathematical model of the physical transport and accurately evaluating the dispersants effects on the photochemical transformation and biodegradation of spilled oil for providing reference of rational use and accurate evaluation of dispersant are urgent works.In addition, it is also a promising research direction to develop cheap and environmentally friendly bio-dispersant.